Research methods

Question 1

experimental designs

Answer 1

different ways in which testing participants can be organised in relation too experimental conditions
matched pairs
repeated measures
independent measures

Question 2

matched pairs

Answer 2

each condition uses different but similar participants

Question 3

repeated measures

Answer 3

all participants experience both conditions

Question 4

independent measures

Answer 4

participants experience 1 level of the IV

2 separate groups experience 2 different conditions

Question 5

strengths of independent measures

Answer 5

avoids order effects

Question 6

weaknesses of independent measures

Answer 6

less economical

extraneous variables

Question 7

strengths of repeated measures

Answer 7

more economical

less chance of extraneous variables

Question 8

weaknesses of repeated measures

Answer 8

order effects

more chance of demand characteristics

Question 9

strengths of matched pairs

Answer 9

less individual differences

avoids order effects

Question 10

weaknesses of matched pairs

Answer 10

time consuming

still extraneous variables

Question 11

levels of data

Answer 11

nominal
interval
ordinal

Question 12

nominal levels of data

Answer 12

categorise/classification

time of the day-AM or PM

Question 13

ordinal levels of data

Answer 13

ordinal scale indicates direction

time of the day-night, dawn, noon, afternoon, evening

Question 14

interval levels of data

Answer 14

same distance between each variable

time of day-1,2,3,4,5

Question 15

graph distribution

Answer 15

normal
right-skew
left-skew

Question 16

normal distribution

Answer 16

the graph isn’t skewed
both sides are even
mean, median, mode are all in the middle of the graph

Question 17

right-skew

Answer 17

positive skew
right side is longer
mode is to the left of median and mode

Question 18

left-skew

Answer 18

negative skew
left side is longer
mode is to the right of mean and median

Question 19

hypothesis

Answer 19

null
alternative
directional
non-directional

Question 20

null hypothesis

Answer 20

result is due to chance

no relationship between variables

Question 21

alternative hypothesis

Answer 21

a relationship between the variables

Question 22

directional hypothesis

Answer 22

significant increase
significant decrease
states the difference between the 2 variables

Question 23

non-directional hypothesis

Answer 23

significant difference

states there will be a difference between the 2 variables

Question 24

type 1 errors

Answer 24

the link is mistaken
believe the null hypothesis isn’t true so reject it
false positive
in reality the null is true

Question 25

type 2 erros

Answer 25

don't think there is a link but there is believe the null hypothesis is true false negative in reality the null isn't true

Question 26

values

Answer 26

find significant difference to accept/reject the null hypothesis

Question 27

critical values

Answer 27

determines whether a result represents a real difference value a test result must exceed to be considered to be significant result compared to the critical value

Question 28

observed value

Answer 28

observed value is compared to critical value | values found by conducting research

Question 29

predictive validity

Answer 29

the extent to which findings can be used as an indication of future performance

Question 30

concurrent validity

Answer 30

the extent to which a measure relates to an existing similar measure

Question 31

face/content validity

Answer 31

where a measure is scrutinised to see whether it appears to measure what is it supposed to

Question 32

historical/temporal validity

Answer 32

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other times/era

Question 33

ecological validity

Answer 33

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other settings/situations

Question 34

construct validity

Answer 34

the extent to which findings fit with theoretical knowledge

Question 35

population validity

Answer 35

the extent to which findings can be generalised to other groups/individuals

Question 36

internal validity

Answer 36

face/content concurrent construct

Question 37

external validity

Answer 37

predictive ecological historical/temporal population

Question 38

internal reliability

Answer 38

the consistency of the measuring device

Question 39

external reliability

Answer 39

the consistency of the measure device over time

Question 40

assessing internal reliability

Answer 40

spilt half

Question 41

assessing external reliability

Answer 41

test-retest method

Question 42

features of a science

Answer 42

``` objectivity falsifiable paradigm replicability theory construction empirical method ```

Question 43

feature of science | objectivity

Answer 43

information based on fact

Question 44

features of a science | falsifiable

Answer 44

the principle that a theory can't be considered scientific unless it admits the possibility of being proved untrue

Question 45

features of a science | paradigm

Answer 45

set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within scientific discipline

Question 46

features of a science | replicability

Answer 46

the extent to which scientific procedure can be repeated

Question 47

extraneous variable

Answer 47

any other variable that isn't the IV which can effect the DV if it isn't controlled for

Question 48

confounding variables

Answer 48

any variable other then the IV which may have affected the DV

Question 49

randomisation

Answer 49

the use of chance in order to control for the effects of researcher bias

Question 50

lab experiment

Answer 50

experiment that takes place in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV

Question 51

Field experiments

Answer 51

an experiment that takes place in a natural setting within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV

Question 52

natural experiment

Answer 52

an experiment where the change of the IV isn't brought about by the researcher and would have occurred if the researcher wasn't there the research records this effect on the DV

Question 53

Quasi-experiment

Answer 53

the IV hasn't be determined by anyone the variables just exist