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Psychodynamic Flashcards

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1
Q

Statistical deviation

A

When an individual has a less common characteristic e.g. high IQ

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2
Q

Deviation from social norms

A

Behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour

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3
Q

Failure to function adequately

A

When someone is unable to cope with everyday demands

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4
Q

Strengths of statistical deviation

A

Objective
Useful part of clinical evaluation-real life application
Overall view

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5
Q

Weaknesses of statistical deviation

A

Infrequent doesn’t mean abnormal
Stigma of a label
Can’t be used in isolation

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6
Q

Failure to function adequately

Rosenhan& seligman

A 
Suffering 
Danger to self 
Doesn't conform 
Unpredictable
Irrational 
Causes observer discomfort 
Violates moral/social standards
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7
Q

Strengths of failure to function

A

Assess degree of abnormality
Observable behaviour
Personal perspective

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8
Q

Weaknesses of failure to function

A

Subjective
Abnormality not always dysfunctional
Distress to others

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9
Q

Deviation from mental health

A

When someone doesn’t meet a set of criteria for good mental health

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10
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health

Jahoda

A 
Positive attitude towards self
Self-actualisation 
Autonomy-independence/self-reliance 
Resistance to stress 
Environmental mastery-adapt to new situations
Accurate perception of reality
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11
Q

Strengths of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Holistic
Targets dysfunctional areas
Comprehensive

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12
Q

Weaknesses of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Over demanding criteria
Subjective
Lacks historical validity

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13
Q

Behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

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14
Q

Emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Anxiety

Unreasonable responses

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15
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions

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16
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Activity levels
Distribution to sleep and eating
Aggression and self-harm

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17
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression

A

Lowered mood
Anger
Lowered self-esteem

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18
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration
Dwelling on the negative
Absolutist thinking

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19
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsions

Avoidance

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20
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety
Depression
Guilt and disgust

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21
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts
Strategies to deal with obsessions
Aware of the irrational behaviour

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22
Q

Behavioural explanation of phobias

A

The two process model

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23
Q

Treating phobias

Systematic desensitisation

A

Hierarchy
Relaxation
Exposure

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24
Q

Strengths of systematic desensitisation

A

Self administered
Low refusal rates
More ethical- suits more diverse range of patients

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25
Weaknesses of systematic desensitisation
May not treat evolutionary components-ohman et al | Time consuming
26
Treating phobias | Flooding
Exposing the patient to the phobic stimuli without a hierarchy Through extinction
27
Strengths of flooding
Cost effective Less time consuming Treats the phobia
28
Weaknesses of flooding
Unethical Doesn't work for all phobias Not suitable for all patients
29
Two process model | How are phobias acquired
Classical conditioning
30
Two process model | Maintaining phobias
Operant conditioning
31
Strengths of the two process model
Practical application to therapy Therapies effective so they treat the cause of the problem Can be combined with biological explanation-genetic validity
32
Cognitive expositions of depression
Becks negative triad | Ellis's abc model
33
Cognitive explanation of depression | Becks- negative triad
Acquire a negative schema in childhood Negative view of self Negative view of future Negative view of world
34
Strengths of Becks negative triad
Supportive evidence- Clark and Beck Practical application- CBT Acknowledge previous experience and genetics
35
Weaknesses of Becks negative triad
Only explain anxiety not anger Struggles to explain bipolar Not everyone shows negative bias
36
Research into negative triad | Clark and Beck
Reviewed research Solid support for cognitive vulnerability factors These cognitions can be seen before depression develops
37
Cognitive explanation to depression | Ellis ABC
A- activating event, situations which trigger irrational thoughts b-beliefs, irrational beliefs C-consequences, emotional/behavioural as a result of A and B
38
Strengths of Ellis ABC
Successful therapy CBT Empowering for patient to know they can change Supportive evidence-Lipsky et al
39
Supportive research | Lipsky et al
By challenging irrational negative thoughts a person and reduce their depression
40
Weaknesses of Ellis ABC
Explains anxiety not anger Doesn't consider environment Doesn't consider biology
41
Treating depression- negative triad | CBT
Thoughts-feeling-behaviour Challenge thought to change behaviour Identify irrational thought patterns to adapt them
42
Treating depression- ABC model | REBT
``` Rational emotional behaviour therapy Irrational thoughts can cause negative self-statements and cause emotional stress and behaviour 15 fortnightly sessions Clients become more realistic and extreme perceptions are reduced Education phase Behavioural activation Pleasant event scheduling Increase activity in social activity Taught to identify faulty thoughts ```
43
Strengths of the CBT
Ellis-90% success Less time consuming Effective for moderate to severe depression
44
Weaknesses of CBT
Might not work in severe cases Success due to client-therapist relationship Doesn't deal with underlying issue only perceptions
45
Drug treatments of depression
MAOI Tricyclics SSRI
46
Drug treatments for depression MAOI
Chemicals which stop the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme family
47
Drug treatment for depression | Tricyclics
Increased levels of norepinephrine and serotonin to restore balance
48
Drug treatments for depression | SSRI
Increased serotonin levels in the brain by stopping the reuptake
49
Genetic explanation for OCD | COMT gene
Involved in the process of regulating the production of dopamine More common in patients with OCD
50
Genetic explanation of OCD | SERT gene
Responsible for the transport of serotonin | The higher levels means less serotonin
51
Genetic explanation of OCD | Diathesis-stress
People who don't have the SERT or COMT gene therefore other factors
52
Strengths of genetic explanation of OCD
Supportive research-Carey and Gottesman Reductionist Practical applications
53
Weaknesses of the genetic explanation of OCD
Links between nature and nurture | Too reductionist
54
Supportive research for genetic explanation of OCD | Carey and Gottesman
Identical twin studies showed concordance rates of 87% for OCD whereas this was 47% for fraternal twins Suggests that genetic factors are moderately important
55
Strengths of the neural explanation of OCD
Supportive evidence-work of antidepressants | Practical applications
56
Weaknesses of neural explanation of OCD
Can't establish cause of effects Reductionist Doesn't truly explain
57
Treatments for OCD
Drug therapy alters chemical balance in your brain Increases serotonin (SSRI) SSRI prevent reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft
58
Advantages of drug therapy for OCD
Supportive research of SSRI- Thoren at al | Antidepressants that don't effect serotonin levels are ineffective in treating OCD
59
explaining phobias | two process model
acquisition done by classical conditioning learning to associate something with a fear something (little albert) maintenance done by operant conditioning(negative reinforcement avoid phobic stimulus)
60
case of little albert Watson and Rayner phobias
``` us-noise ur-cry ns-rat cs-rat cr-cry ```
61
strengths of behaviourist approach to phobias
practical application-systematic desensitisation use with biological(diathesis stress model) effective treatments
62
weaknesses of behaviourist approach to phobias
not all phobias are caused by traumatic event (bounton) reductionist-ignores irrational thinking avoidance due to safety
63
weakness of behaviourist approach to phobias | bounton
model neglects the influence of evolutionary history, whereby avoidance responses are learned more rapidly if it resembles an animals natural defensive behaviour so its actually biological preparedness.
64
treating phobias systematic desensitisation hierarchy
patient/therapist arrange a list of situation which cause anxiety from lowest to highest
65
treating phobias systematic desensitisation relaxation
therapist teaches relaxation techniques | e.g. breathing and imagery techniques
66
treating phobias systematic desensitisation exposure
exposed to phobic stimulus in relaxed environment working up the hierarchy
67
weakness of systematic desensitisation | ohman et al
may not be as effective in treating phobias with underlying evolutionary component
68
treating phobias | flooding
immediate exposure to the phobic stimulus
69
strength of flooding
more economical | effective
70
weaknesses of flooding
unethical high dropout rates not effective for all phobias
71
cognitive explanation of depression
becks negative triad | ellis ABC model
72
cognitive explanation of depression | becks negative triad
negative view of self negative view of world negative view of future
73
negative triad cognitive distortions arbitrary inference
conclusions drawn where there is no evidence
74
negative triad cognitive distortions selective abstraction
conclusions drawn from part of the situation
75
negative triad cognitive distortions overgeneralisation
sweeping conclusions
76
negative triad cognitive distortions magnification and minimisation
exaggerates in evaluation of performance
77
strengths of becks negative triad
grazoli and terry clark and beck practical application
78
grazoli and terry | supportive research for negative triad
assessed 65 pregnant women before and after birth on cognitive vulnerability/depression. those with high vulnerability more likely to suffer PND
79
clark and beck | supportive research for negative triad
cognitions can be seen before depression
80
strengths of deviation from social norms
Distinguishes between normal/abnormal situational norms practical application- APD
81
weaknesses of deviation from social norms
subjective change over time ethnocentric bias is diagnosis
82
weaknesses of the 2 process model | behaviour explanation of phobias
doesn't explain evolutionary phobias unreliable-not all phobias follow a trauma biological reductionist- ignores cognitive elements-irrational thinking
83
treating phobias systematic desensitisation Hierarchy
patient and therapist design a list of phobic stimuli that produces anxiety, this is then put in order from least to worst
84
treating phobias systematic desensitisation Relaxation
patient is taught relaxation techniques such as breathing or meditation to be relaxed as possible
85
treating phobias systematic desensitisation Exposure
patient is exposed to phobic stimuli in a relaxed state, they work up the hierarchy when patient can stay relaxed in less anxiety stage
86
biological explanation for OCD | candidate gene
create vulnerability for OCD | involved in regulating the development in the serotonin system
87
biological explanation of OCD polygenic Taylor
not caused by 1 single gene | up to 230 genes are involved
88
neural explanation of OCD | serotonin
low levels of serotonin can effect mood and other mental processes OCD-reduction in the serotonin system
89
neural explanation of OCD | brain structure
abnormal functioning in the lateral frontal lobes (impaired decision making) parahippocampul gyrus-associated with processing unpleasant emotions(functions abnormally in people with OCD)

Psychology (11 decks)

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