Attachment

Question 1

reciprocity

Answer 1

how mother and infant interact by responding to each others signals

Question 2

interactional synchrony

Answer 2

mother infant reflect both the actions and emotions of each other and do this in a synchronised manner

Question 3

interactional synchrony

Isabella et al

Answer 3

30 mother infants pairs
assessed interactional synchrony and mother infant relationships
high levels of synchrony and quality of relationship

Question 4

stages of attachment

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 4

Asocial attachments
Indiscriminate attachments
Specific attachments
multiple attachments

Question 5

Asocial

stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 5

show some preference to familiar adults

recognise/start to form bonds with carer

Question 6

Indiscriminate attachment

stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 6

2-7 months
show preference to people not objects/recognise familiar adults
no separation/stranger anxiety

Question 7

Specific attachment

stages of attachment-Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 7

around 7 months
show separation/stranger anxiety
specific attachment with primary care giver

Question 8

Multiple attachment

stages of attachment-Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 8

after attachment is formed with one adult the baby starts to express attachment behaviours to others

Question 9

Monotropic theory

Answer 9

Bowlby

Question 10

Bowlbys Monotropic theory

Answer 10

monotropy
social releases
internal working model

Question 11

strengths of carer-infant interactions

Answer 11

research uses controlled observation-validity

research support-Isabella et al

Question 12

weaknesses of carer-infant interactions

Answer 12

hard to know what exactly is happening

doesn’t give any further detail

Question 13

parent-infant attachment

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 13

the mother is normally the first attachment formed secondary attachments are normally made a few weeks after
75% of infants formed attachment with father by 18 months

Question 14

role of the father

Grossman

Answer 14

longitudinal study
quality of attachment with mothers was related to attachment in teens but not father
quality of father play related to attachment in teens

Question 15

fathers as primary caregivers

field

Answer 15

filmed 4 month old infants face to face interaction with mother primary caregiver, father secondary caregiver, father primary caregiver
father primary caregivers like mother primary caregiver spends more time smiling/holding infants, this behaviour is more important when forming attachment

Question 16

stages of attachment

Schaffer and Emerson research

Answer 16

60 babies 31 boys and 29 girls
Glasgow working class families
baby and mother visited at home for first year and at 18 months
asked questions about stranger and separation anxiety
weeks 25-32 50% of babies showed separation anxiety
by 40 weeks 80% had specific attachment and 30% had multiple attachments

Question 17

strengths of Schaffer and Emerson research

Answer 17

good validity

detailed qualitative data

Question 18

weaknesses of Schaffer and Emerson research

Answer 18

small sample

longitudinal study-high drop out rate

Question 19

factors that affect the relationship between fathers and children

Answer 19

degree of sensitivity
type of attachment with own parents
marital intimacy
supportive co-parenting

Question 20

Lorenz’s research

imprinting

Answer 20

randomly divided a clutch of goose eggs-half hatched with mother in natural environment and other in an incubator with the first moving object they saw being Lorenz
incubator group followed everywhere and control group followed mother
identified critical period in which imprinting takes place
if imprinting didn’t happen in that time the chicks didn’t attach to a mother figure

Question 21

Lorenz’s research

sexual imprinting

Answer 21

case study
peacock imprinted on a giant tortoise
in future the peacock would only show courtship towards giant tortoises

Question 22

Harlow’s research

Answer 22

4 conditions- cloth and wire mother produce milk
cloth produce milk not wire
wire produce milk not cloth
neither wire or cloth produce milk
the baby monkeys cuddled the cloth mother over the wire one
showed comfort is more important then food

Question 23

Harlow

maternal deprivation

Answer 23

monkeys who had been reared by both wire and cloth mothers had long term effect
they didn’t bred as often, were unskilled at mating and rejected their young

Question 24

duration of critical period

Answer 24

up to 90 days

Question 25

strengths of Lorenz

Answer 25

practical applications | use of control group increases validity

Question 26

weaknesses of Lorenz

Answer 26

extrapolation issues | animal ethics

Question 27

strengths of harlow

Answer 27

practical application | allows research to be conducted that wouldn't be allowed to humans (understand behaviour)

Question 28

weaknesses of Harlows research

Answer 28

small sample size extrapolation issues animal ethics

Question 29

learning theory miller and dollard cupboard love

Answer 29

children attach to the main caregiver as they provide food

Question 30

learning theory miller and dollard classical conditioning

Answer 30

``` us-food ur-pleasure ns-caregiver cs-caregiver cr-pleasure ```

Question 31

learning theory miller and dollard operant conditioning

Answer 31

as they baby cries the caregiver responses this reinforces the crying. the baby then directs crying at receiving comfort from the caregiver e.g. food the is both positive reinforcement as the babe receives the comfort they want and negative reinforcement as the crying is removed from the caregiver

Question 32

learning theory | sears et al

Answer 32

as caregivers provide food, the primary drive of food become generalised therefore attachment is a secondary drive learned by association

Question 33

strengths of learning theory

Answer 33

reliable as scientific basis | supportive evidence hay and vespo

Question 34

supportive research of learning theory | hay vespo

Answer 34

modelling can be used to explain attachment behaviours children observe parents affectionate behaviour and imitate it parents also tell children how to be in relationships and reward good behaviour with hugs and kisses

Question 35

weaknesses of learning theory

Answer 35

reductionist | Isabella-quality of attachment

Question 36

bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 36

social releasers critical period monotropy

Question 37

bowlbys monotropic theory | social releasers

Answer 37

a social behaviour/ characteristic the elicits caregiving and leads to attachment ensure attachment forms from parents to infant e.g. smiling/crying/giggling

Question 38

bowlbys monotropic theory | monotropy

Answer 38

a child has an innate drive to attach to one caregiver primary attachment figures: law on continuity law of accumulated separation

Question 39

bowlbys monotropic theory monotropy law of continuity

Answer 39

more predictable and constant the better quality of attachment

Question 40

bowlbys monotropic theory monotropy law of accumulated seperation

Answer 40

effects of every day separation add up

Question 41

Bowlbys monotropic theory | critical period

Answer 41

the period which attachments must be formed | up to 2 years

Question 42

bowlbys monotropic theory | internal working model

Answer 42

children forms a mental representation of their relationship with the primary caregiver, this serves as a model for future attachments this also effects their ability to be a parent

Question 43

weaknesses of bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 43

rutter-attachments can be made after this period extrapolation-harlow and Lorenz Rutter-importance of mothers are exaggerated

Question 44

strengths of bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 44

construct validity | supportive research

Question 45

strengths of bowlbys monotropic theory | Brazelton

Answer 45

observed mothers and babies during their interactions, reporting existence of reciprocity and interactional synchronicity. Obs then led to an experiment; mothers told to ignore social releasers, babies become frustrated, then curled up and laid still. Supports significance of infant behaviour in eliciting caregiving.