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Psychology AQA > Approaches - Paper 2 > Flashcards

Approaches - Paper 2 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is introspection?

A

The examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes

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2
Q

Who is Wundt?

A

Father of psychology

Aim was to examine the structure of the mind

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3
Q

What was Wundts approach?

A

Structuralism

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4
Q

What was Wundts technique?

A

Introspection

Break consciousness in thoughts, images and sensations

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5
Q

What were the 2 major assumptions that introspection were based on?

A
  1. All behaviour is seen as being caused by
  2. If behaviour determined, be possible to predict how human being would behave in different conditions
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6
Q

What were the 2 main weaknesses of Wundt’s technique

A

Unreliable - non observable response

Not accurate - lacks validity

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7
Q

What are the 4 goals of psychology?

A

Description

Explanation

Prediction

Change

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8
Q

What did Watson do?

A

Introspection, subjective
Behaviourist dominate
Cognitive studies mental processes
Scientifically

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9
Q

What is the strengths of origins of psychology

A

Aspects scientific

Contribution - set foundation

Modern research scientific

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10
Q

What are the weaknesses of origins of psychology

A

Aspects subjective

Can’t be applied to children or people with learning difficulties

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11
Q

The behaviourist approach focuses on…

A

Observable behaviour

Controlled lab studies

Processes that govern behaviour

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12
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Learning though association

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13
Q

Explain Pavlov’s research

A

Conditioned dogs to salivate when a bell rings

NS + UCS. CS -> CR

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14
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learn through punishment

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15
Q

Outline Skinners research

A

Rat activate lever, rewarded with food
Desirable consequence = repetition
Avoid electric shock by not pushing button

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16
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Receiving rewards

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17
Q

What is negative reinforcement

A

Avoiding something unpleasant

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18
Q

What is punishment

A

Unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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19
Q

Evaluate the behaviourist approach

A

+ uses well controlled research

+ real world application - token economy

  • environmental determinism - ignore free will
  • ethical issues - harm to animals
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20
Q

What is social learning theory

A

Learning that occurs indirectly

Experience, observation, imitation

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21
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Learning related to consequences of behaviour

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22
Q

What is the mediational process

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Motor reproduction
  4. Motivation

ARMM

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23
Q

What is identification of role models

A

Role model similar and higher status

Someone looked up to

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24
Q

What did Bandura et al do?

A

Observe adult

Bobo doll experiment

Initiate acts if observed the same - more likely if rewarded

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25
Evaluation of social learning theory
+ real world application + show some free will - ignore biological factors - lab studies
26
The cognitive approach
The scientific study of mental processes Mental processes are private, cannot be observed and studies through inference
27
What is a schema?
Packages of information developed through experience. Mental framework interpretation of incoming information
28
The information processing model
Flows through stages Input, storage, retrieval
29
What is the computer model
Programmes imitate the human mind
30
What is cognitive neuroscience
Influence of the brain structure on mental processes Brain scanning Episodic and semantic memories
31
Evaluation of the cognitive approach
+ scientific and objective methods + application to everyday life - abstract and theoretical - machine reductionism
32
Psychodynamic approach - Freud
Mind made up of conscious, pre conscious and unconscious Id - pleasure principle Ego - reality principle Superego - morality principle
33
Freuds stages of development
Oral - mouth (0-1) Anal - anus (1-3) Phallic - genital (3-6) Latency - conflicts repressed Genital - sexual desire (puberty)
34
What is the Oedipus complex?
Phallic stage Feeling towards mother - hatred towards father Repress and take on gender role
35
What are defence mechanisms?
Unconscious strategies, used by ego Repression Denial Displacement
36
Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach
+ psychotherapy - access unconscious + explanatory power - childhood - harmful therapy - unfalsifiable
37
The biological approach
Look at biological structures and processes Contrast cognitive approach
38
What is neurochemistry?
Action of chemicals In balance neurotransmitters cause metal disorders Underproduction serotonin = OCD Psychological characteristics inherited - twin studies
39
What is the genotype
The genetic makeup of
40
What is the phenotype
Genetic expression - characteristics
41
Theory of evolution
Darwin, natural selection - survival and reproduction
42
Evaluation of the biological approach
+ real world application - drugs + scientific method - scanning - drugs not always work - deterministic
43
The humanistic approach
External and internal influences - free will
44
What did Maslow do?
Hierarchy of needs Must complete all before self-actualisation (full potential) Physiological needs Safety needs Esteem needs Love and belonging Self actualisation
45
What did Rogers find?
Personal growth Individuals concept must be congruent with ideal self Incongruence = no self actualisation Worthlessness and low self esteem due to lack of unconditional positive regards from parents
46
What did Roger’s therapy include?
Roger client entered therapy - in conditional positive regards - increase self worth
47
What is the first assumption that behaviourist believe?
Psychology should be seen as a science
48
What is the second assumption that behaviourist believe?
Psychologists should study observable behaviours
49
What is the third assumption that behaviourist believe?
No free will Environment determines behaviour
50
What is the fourth assumption that behaviourist believe?
When we are born out mind is a blank slate
51
What is the fifth assumption that behaviourist believe?
Little difference in the learning between animals and humans
52
What is the evaluation of the humanistic approach?
+ real world context + positive approach - cultural bias - limited application
53
What is the nervous system?
Specialised network of cells and our primary communication. Electrical Endocrine based on hormones
54
What does the nervous system do?
1. Collect, process and respond to environment 2. Co ordinate organs and cells
55
What is the CNS
Brian and spinal cord Brain is conscious awareness Reflex actions
56
What is the peripheral NS
Transmits messages of neurons to the nervous system Automatic - vital functions, breathing - sympathetic and parasympathetic Somatic - muscle movement - info from sensory receptors
57
What is the endocrine system?
Vital functions through hormones Glands produce hormones - pituitary brain Hormones secreted in blood stream Endocrine and autonomic work together - fight or flight
58
What is a sensory neuron?
PNS and CNS - long dendrites and short axon
59
What is a relay neuron?
Connect sensory to motor - short dendrites and short axon 97%
60
What are motor neurons?
CNS to effector - short dendrites and short axon
61
What are the features of neurons?
Cell body - nucleus - genetic Dendrites - carry impulse towards cell Myelin sheath - fatty layer Gaps - nodes of ranvier Terminal button - communicate with the next
62
What are the neurons charge?
Resting = negative Activated = positive Action potential - create electrical impulses
63
What is a synapse?
Chemically travel Neurotransmitters from vesicles Post synaptic receptor site Chemical diffuse across Perfect fir in postsynaptic
64
What is excitatory and inhibitory?
Adrenaline - excitatory - higher chance of fire Serotonin - inhibitory - lower chance of fire Dopamine - equally likely to be either
65
What is summation?
Threshold for action potential to be triggered

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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