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Psychology AQA > Schizophrenia - Paper 3 > Flashcards

Schizophrenia - Paper 3 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

Severe mental disorder affecting 1% of the population

More common in males, city dwellers and low social economic groups

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2
Q

What is classification?

A

Identifying symptoms that go together

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3
Q

What are the two classification systems?

A

DSM - 5 = requires 1 or more positive symptom

ICD - 10 = requires 2 or more negative symptoms

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4
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Additional experiences beyond ordinary

Hallucinations

Delusions

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5
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Loss of usual ability and experiences

Speech poverty

Avolition -loss motivation

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6
Q

Evaluation of diagnosis (reliability and validity)

A

+ good diagnosis reliability - consistent. Inter rater reliability

  • low validity - 2 independently assess 100 participants - 68 ICD and 39 DSM
  • gender bias - men diagnosed more than women - women mask symptoms
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7
Q

What is diagnosis reliability?

A

A diagnosis must be repeatable

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8
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Clinicians reaching the same conclusion at 2 different points in time

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9
Q

What is inter - rater reliability?

A

Different clinicians researching the same conclusion

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10
Q

How is inter-rater reliability measured?

A

Kappa score

Perfect 1

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11
Q

Describe Copeland’s research into cultural differences

A

134 US
194 UK

Description patient given

69% US diagnosed

2% UK diagnosed

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12
Q

What is symptom overlap?

A

Symptoms of sz found in other disorders

Depression bipolar

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13
Q

What is co-morbidity?

A

The extent 2 or more conditions can occur at the same time

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14
Q

What is the genetic basis of schizophrenia study?

A

Family studies

Gotterman - large scale

Aunt 2%
Sibling 9%
Identical twin 48%

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15
Q

Evaluation of Gotterman

A

Family share the same environment
Nature v nurture

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16
Q

What is the candidate gene schizo

A

Polygenic - require several genes

Ripke et al - 108

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17
Q

What is mutation in schizophrenia

A

In parent DNA

Correlation between parental age and risk

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18
Q

Evaluation of the genetic basis of schizophrenia

A

+ streng evidence - family studies, twin studies

  • environmental risk - birth complications, childhood trauma
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19
Q

What are neural correlates: the role of dopamine

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A

Features in functioning of brain system related to symptoms

20
Q

What is the original DA hypothesis

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A

Hyperdopaminergia associated with subcortex
Hallucinations and poverty of speech e.g. Broca’s area

21
Q

What is the updated DA hypothesis

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A

Hypodopaminergia linked prefrontal cortex - explain negative, early stress

22
Q

Evaluate the role of dopamine

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A

+ support - antipsychotic reduce symptoms, candidate genes produce DA, dopamine involved

  • role of glutamate - post mortem and scanning, raised glutamate, role of other neurotransmitters
23
Q

Psychological explanations - Family dysfunction - schizophregenic mothers

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A

Rejecting and controlling create tension and secrecy.
Lead to distrust, paranoid delusions and schizophrenia

24
Q

What is the double bind

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A

Bateson et al - child trapped, fear wrong thing, get wrong, punished by withdrawal of love
Lead disorganised thinking

25
What is expressed emotion
Verbal criticism, hostility, over-involvement and stress
26
Evaluate family dysfunction
+ evidence - schizophrenic disproportionately likely to have insecure attachment, around 60% history of abuse - poor evidence - no evidence support traditional family based theories, based on clinical observations, cannot explain link
27
What are the cognitive explanations - dysfunction thought
Low level informational processing suggest cognitive impairment
28
Metarepresentation leads to hallucinations
Dysfunction recognise own thoughts. And lead to hearing voices
29
Central control to speech poverty
Derailment of thought, each trigger automatic associations they cannot suppress
30
Evaluate cognitive explanations
+ evidence - compare performance on cognitive tasks. SZ took 2x as long - proximal origins explained - what happening now, possible genetic / family, only partial explanation - reductionism
31
Biological therapy - typical antipsychotics
Dopamine antagonists - aim reduce actions of dopamine Block dopamine receptors in synapse Chlorpromazine sedation - clam anxious patients when first admitted
32
Biological therapy - atypical antipsychotics
Newer drug - maintain and improve effectiveness Clozapine on dopamine, Glutamate on serotonin - reduce depression and anxiety Risperdone as effective but safer - clozapine involves deaths
33
Evaluate biological therapy of schizophrenia
+ evidence for effectiveness - associated better functioning and reduced severity - counter - short term effects, some published multiple times, benefit due to calming effect - side effects - dizziness, agitation, weight gain, can be fatal
34
Psychological therapy - CBTp
Identify and change irrational thought Understand - normalisation explains client that hearing voices is ordinary
35
Evaluation of CBT
+ evidence - reduction in auditory hallucinations + quality - different techniques for different symptoms, treating particular person + nomothetic
36
Psychological therapy - family therapy
Reduce negative emotions - anger and guilt which create stress Improve family ability to help - family belief, balance between care and maintaining life
37
Psychological therapy - family therapy
Reduce negative emotions - anger and guilt which create stress Improve family ability to help - family belief, balance between care and maintaining life
38
Evaluation of family therapy
+ evidence - relapse rate reduced by 50% + benefit whole family - negative impact on family
39
Management of schizophrenia
Token economies - gift for every good act then exchanged for privileges, used for personal care. Related behaviour and social behaviour 1. Quality of life 2. Normalises behaviour Operant conditioning - reinforces
40
Evaluation of management of schizophrenia
+ effectiveness - reduction negative symptoms, decline in frequency of unwanted behaviour - ethical issues - control peoples behaviour, restrict pleasure of already ill people - more pleasant alternatives - art therapy, pleasant experience, no side effects
41
The interactionalist approach - diathesis stress
Vulnerability and trigger Meehl’s model - diathesis genetic, someone without schizo gene wont develop Modern understanding - many genes increase - trauma affecting brain development e.g. cannabis up 7x as effect dopamine
42
Evaluation of interactionalist approach
+ dual role vulnerability and stress - high criticism implemented cause SZ but only with genetic - oversimplistic - no schizo gene, stress can include bio + real world application - benefit, can help treating
43
Key study validity and reliability - Rosenhan
8 confederates - 12 different hospitals - said hearing voices - acted normal when on ward - average stay 19 days
44
Key study validity and reliability - Rosenhan - validity
Normal behaviour misinterpreted as abnormal to support idea that pseudopatients had mental illness. Validity low and DSM flawed
45
Key study validity and reliability - Rosenhan - reliability
Cannot tell difference between schizo and bipolar depression - Same symptoms different illnesses were diagnosed
46
Neural correlates example
Brain scanning techniques Positive correlation the superior temporal gyrus and auditory hallucinations
47
Evidence that brains are different - neural correlates
Torres - ventricles in schizo are 15% larger than those without

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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