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Psychology AQA > Attachemnt - Paper 1 > Flashcards

Attachemnt - Paper 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is meant by INTERACTIONAL SYNCHRONY in terms of attachment?

A

Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions in a co-ordinated way

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2
Q

what is meant by RECIPROCITY in terms of attachment?

A

Mother infant interaction respond to each others signals

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3
Q

Describe one way in which psychologist have investigated the caregiver infant interactions

A

Meltzof and Moore observed interactional synchrony. Adult display 1 of 3 facial expressions.
Response filmed
Association found

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4
Q

Referring to research describe the role of the father in development

A

Grossman.
Quality of infant attachment - quality of play with father
Stimulation role
Secondary caregiver - can play primary

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5
Q

Outline 1 strength of research into caregiver interactions

A

Controlled nature - fine detail, increased validity

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6
Q

Outline 1 weakness of research into caregiver infant interactions

A

Observing simple gestures and expressions
Hard assume infant intention
Cannot be sure they are special

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7
Q

Outline 2 weaknesses of research on the role of the father

A

Children who grow up in same sex or single parent - no different
Role not important
Inconsistent findings
Picture unclear

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8
Q

Outline Schaffer and Emersons study into the formation of early relationships

A

Age of attachment formation
Mothers 60 babies
Glasgow
Reported weekly stranger and separation anxiety
Primary caregiver 32 weeks

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9
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment?

A

Asocial - happier with humans

Indiscriminate - 2-7 months, prefer humans

Specific - from 7 months, stranger and separation anxiety

Multiple - shortly after, separation from multiple attachments

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10
Q

Why does Schaffer and Emerson’s study have good external validity?

A

Observations took place in the participants natural environment

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11
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of Schaffers stages of attachment?

A

Measuring attachment - child cries doesn’t not have to mean attachment

Conflicting evidence - van Ijzendoorn et al found different contexts multiple attachments may come first

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12
Q

What is ETHOLOGY?

A

The study of animal behaviour

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13
Q

What is IMPRINTING?

A

Animals attaching to the first moving object they see

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14
Q

What is the CRITICAL PERIOD?

A

Imprinting must occur within a few hours / days / weeks after birth

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15
Q

What is SEXUAL IMPRINTING?

A

Birds show courtship behaviour towards whatever species they imprint on

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16
Q

Outline LORENZ’S research into attachment?

A

2 groups of goslings
1 saw Lorenz other their mother

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17
Q

What is the importance of CONTACT COMFORT?

A

Animals like monkeys prefer a soft toy mother to wire one regardless of which provides milk

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18
Q

What is MATERNAL DEPRIVATION?

A

Animals brought up without a mother were dysfunctional as adults

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19
Q

Outline HARLOW’S research into attachment

A

Baby monkeys given cloth or wire
Wire had feeding bottle
Importance contact comfort
Critical period seen 90 days - after attachment wouldn’t form

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20
Q

What did Harlow find out about the effect of maternal deprivation?

A

Maternally deprivation monkeys grew up socially dysfunctional

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21
Q

Describe 1 weakness of LORENZ’S research

A

Lacks generalisability - birds and mammals different attachment

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22
Q

Outline 1 strength of HARLOW’S research

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A

Theoretical value - creature comfort than feeding.

Practical value - understand risk factors for child abuse

23
Q

Outline 1 weakness of Harlows research

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A

Ethical issues. Monkeys considered similar enough to humans to generalise findings.
Suffering human like

24
Q

Where is the emphasis in the learning theory of attachment?

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A

The key is food. Babies become attached to whoever feeds them

25
What is classical conditioning?
Food (unconditioned stimulus) Produce pleasure (unconditioned response) Caregiver (neutral) - associate food
26
What is operant conditioning?
Learning by rewards and punishment. Babies hungry and cry Response from parent Baby (positive reinforcement) Parent (negative reinforcement)
27
Provide counter evidence to the learning theory of attachment from animal research
Lorenzs geese - imprinted before they were fed Harlows monkeys - attached cloth mother rather then milk
28
Describe Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment
Attachment innate - survival advantage Law on continuity Babies born with social releases - ‘cute’ Critical period - harder to form later Internal working model - mental representation of relationship - template for what relationships are like
29
Briefly evaluate the idea of an internal working model
Predicts that patterns of attachment will be passed on through the generations. Bailey et al - 99 mothers - children poorly attached if adult poorly attached.
30
Evaluate the existence and value of social releases
Brazleton et al - primary caregivers ignore social releases. Distress and curled up motionless. Importance.
31
What are three limitations of Bowlby’s monotrpoic theory of attachment
Schaffer and Emerson’s found didn’t attach to one person first. - contradicts Feminists argue women are blamed from everything that goes wrong in Childs life Overemphasis on role of attachment - some more anxious and some more sociable - temperamental differences
32
Outline the procedure from the strange situation
Controlled observation two way mirror Proximity seeking Exploration and secure base Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Reunion behaviour
33
Outline the findings of the strange situation
Secure attachment - 60 - 70% Insecure avoidant attachment - 20 -25% Insecure resistant attachment - 3%
34
Describe the three types of attachment
Secure - explores and seeks proximity, moderate anxiety, accepts comfort on reunion Insecure avoidant - explores no proximity, little anxiety, does not require comfort Insecure resistant - explores less, seek proximity, considerable anxiety, resist comfort
35
What are 2 strengths of the strange situation?
Predictive validity - predict later development - secure better at a school Good inter-rater reliability - same children generally same conclusion 94%. Do not depend on who is watching
36
What are 2 limitations of the strange situation?
Culture bound - little meaning outside western society - Japanese mothers rarely separated - high anxiety Temperament confounding variable - challenged validity - not purely measure attachment
37
Outline the meta analysis by Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg
Proportions of attachment types. 32 studies 8 countries Secure most common Individualistic cultures similar to aimsowrth Collectivist cultures rates above 25% and avoidant was reduced Variation within cultures greater than between cultures
38
Evaluate the samples used in Kroonenberg et al meta analysis
Very large samples - internal validity Sample may not be representative - compare countries not cultures - rural and city different
39
Describe why the strange situation may be biased towards British / US culture
Designed by American researchers and is based on a British theory. Apple a theory designed for one to another imposed ethic. Germany seen an independent not avoidant
40
What is the alternative explanation for the similarities between cultures
Mass media. Bowlby’s assumes the similarities were due to attachment being innate and universal.
41
Outline Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation
Continued emotional care from mother is essential. Separation from mother may lead maternal deprivation. Losing emotional care Critical period 30 months Deprivation lower IQ Linked affectionless psychopathology
42
Describe 1 study into the effect of maternal deprivation
44 delinquent teenagers accused of stealing Families interviewed Affectionless psychopathy - lack guilt and remorse 14/44 were 12/14 prolonged separation 5 of remaining 30 experienced separation
43
Outline the case of the Czech twins and how this challenges Bowlby’s theory
Twins isolated from 18 months Later looked after by 2 loving adults Positive outcomes, some interaction and good aftercare Critical period more of a sensitive period
44
Outline how animal studies support the theory of maternal deprivation
Levy’s et al Separating baby rats from mothers permanent negative effects on social development Issues concerning generalisability
45
What is the difference between deprivation and privation?
Deprivation - loss of primary attachment figure Privation - failure to form any attachment Rotter argues severe long term damage more likely privation
46
Outline Rutter et al
165 Romanian orphans Poor condition before adopted into UK Half showed mental retardation when come to UK Adopted before 6 months = IQ 102 Between 6 - 24 months = IQ 86 After 24 months = IQ 77
47
What are 2 strengths of the Romanian orphan study?
Important practical application - improvement in way children are cared for Fewer confounding variables than other research - little trauma to children
48
What are 2 limitation of Romanian orphan study
Issues with generalisability - condition bad Children not randomly assigned - children adopted earlier been more social. Parents selecting children
49
How does an infants internal working model affect their later relationships?
First attachment template for future Secure form better friends and less likely bully Also affect parenting
50
Outline the procedure from Hazen and Shavers study into romantic relationships
620 responses to love quiz Current and important relationship, general love experiences, attachment type
51
Outline the findings from Hazen and Shaver’s study
56% identified secure 19% resistant 25% avoidant Avoidant jealous and fear intimacy Secure longer lasting relationships
52
Outline problems with the concept of an internal working model
Unconscious - can’t get direct evidence from self report - require conscious awareness
53
Correlation v causation related to IWM
Continuity between early and later Other explanations - temperament
54
Outline 2 limitations of research on attachment and later relationships
Evidence mixed - Zimmerman little relationships between quality of infant and adolescent attachment Validity issues - rely on people being honest and realistic view of relationships

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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