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Psychology AQA > Issues And Debates - Paper 3 > Flashcards

Issues And Debates - Paper 3 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is universality?

A

Results apply to all people

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2
Q

What is a bias?

A

Prejudice for or against a person or group

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3
Q

What is androcentrism?

A

Male dominates subject

Females misunderstood

Male behaviour accepted as normal

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4
Q

What is an Alpha Bias?

A

Exaggerates the differences

Presented as fixed and inevitable

Devalue women

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5
Q

What is an example of Alpha bias?

A

Psychodynamic theory - girls identification weaker

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6
Q

What is a Beta Bias?

A

Minimises the differences

Females not included but results applied to them

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7
Q

What is an example of Beta bias

A

Taylor et al - female befriend response, reduce fight or flight

Contradiction the assumed universal response

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8
Q

Evaluation of gender bias

A
  • promotes sexism - male published
  • challenging assumptions - Darwin sexual selection - historic

+ feminine perspective - view as normal, not deficient men

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9
Q

Why is there a culture bias in psychology?

A

Americans and students overrepresented

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10
Q

Who are most commonly seen in psychology? (Culture)

A

WEIRD

Western, educated, industrialised, rich democracies

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11
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

Superiority of own culture

Europe and American behaviours norm

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12
Q

What is an example of ethnocentrism?

A

Aimsworth strange situation - not appropriate for non UK / US children

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13
Q

What is an Emic?

A

Behaviour specific to particular culture

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14
Q

What is an etic?

A

Behaviour universal to all people

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15
Q

What is an imposed etic?

A

Constructs applied inappropriately

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16
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Norms and values only meaningful in specific context

Limits universality

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17
Q

What is an evaluation of culture bias?

A
  • individualistic v collectivist - cultures not comparable, compromised validity

+ emergence cultural psychology - bias less in recent research (Cohen 2017). Shaped by culture

  • cross culture research - barriers to communication, gaining trust, understanding what is said, rely on interpreters
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18
Q

What is an interactionalist approach?

A

All characteristics combine both, attachment, environmental and hierarchy

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19
Q

What is the diathesis stress model?

A

Caused by biological and environment vulnerability

Expressed after stressor

OCD - inherit vulnerability but need psychological trigger

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20
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Change in genetic activity without change in genetic code

Lifestyle events switch genes on and off

Lifelong and passed on

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21
Q

What is nature

A

Inherited influences. Human characteristics innate

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22
Q

What is nurture

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A

Environmental, mind blank slate at birth - behaviourist

23
Q

What is concordance?

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A

Degree of similarity

24
Q

What is heritability

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A

Proportion of differences between individuals in a population with regard to trait due to genes

25
Evaluation of nature v nurture
+ adoption studies + support from epigenetics - Nazi blocked food, pregnant women - babies more likely develop schizophrenia - implication of the debate - aversion therapy
26
What is free will?
To act on conscious choice, control actions Unfalsifiable - other factors E.g. humanistic approach
27
What is determinism?
Factors out of control Internal or external Behaviour predictable
28
What is hard determinism?
Inevitable, not responsible e.g biological approach MAOA gene
29
What is soft determinism?
Accepts still have some choice E.g. social learning theory
30
What is biological determinism?
Caused by biology (genes, hormones, evolution)
31
What is environmental determinism?
Features of the environment (reward / punishment )
32
What is psychic determinism?
Unconscious conflicts we can’t control E.g. Freud, authoritarian personality - strict upbringing
33
Evaluation of free will v determinism
+ free will practical value - exhibit external locus of control - optimistic - evidence support determinism - Libet et al - wrist flick, brain scan, unconscious decision first - responsibility in law - not consistent, free will in committing
34
What is Holism?
The whole Greater than sum of its parts Humanistic psychology
35
What is reductionism?
Break into parts
36
What is parsimony?
All phenomena should be explained using the simplest principles
37
Levels of explanation - high to low using OCD
Socio-cultural - behaviour seen as odd Psychological - individual thoughts Physical - sequence of movements Enviro / bio - learning experience Physiological - abnormal brain functioning Neurochemical - underproduction of hormones
38
What is biological reductionism?
Behaviour explained through neurochemical, physiological, evolutionary or genetic
39
What is environmental reductionism?
Due to stimulus - response links
40
What is experimental reductionism?
Complex behaviour reduced to single variable Cause and effect
41
What is machine reductionism?
Functions result of units of activity in information processing systems (memory stores).
42
Evaluation of Holism v Reductionism
- Holism lack practical value - can’t know most influential factors + reductionist scientific status - objective and reliable - reductionism higher level - Stanford prison, group behaviour, Holism may be more valid
43
What is idiographic?
Detailed study of one individual Generalisations made from findings
44
Example of idiographic
Patient KF and Clive Wearing
45
What is nomothetic?
Study large groups to discover norms, universal principles or laws of behaviour. Applied individual situations (therapy)
46
Example of nomothetic
Skinner - general laws of learning from animals
47
Evaluation of idiographic v nomothetic
+ work together - compliments providing detail + both fit the aims of science and - nomothetic = objective in standardisation idiographic = objective in triangulation and reflexivity - nomothetic lose individual experience - general laws
48
What are ethical issues?
Conflicts between the need for valid research and preserving the rights of participants
49
What is socially sensitive research?
Researchers aware of the consequences of the research Consequences should be considered at all stages of the research process
50
How should research methods be structured?
Phrasing can influence how findings are interpreted E.g. alternative relationships look at homosexual and overlook heterosexual relationships
51
How to deal with participants?
Informed consent, confidentiality and protection from psychological harm E.g. victims of domestic abuse worry about abuser finding out what they sold
52
The way findings are used
Give scientific credibility to prejudice IQ tests in America ww1, prejudice against Europeans. Media interested in sensitive findings
53
Evaluation of ethical issues
+ socially sensitive research benefit for group studies - homosexuality viewed as sociopathic. Removed 1973 + policy makers rely on SSR - base policies on scientific research rather than politically motivated views - poor research design have long term impact - IQ showed fixed by 11 - led to 11+ test
54
BPS guidelines - ethical issues
Respect Competence Responsibility Integrity

Psychology AQA (11 decks)

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