AR's Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
According to Becker, what was the most common explanation for why people used marijuana?
A
Due to a psychological trait that predisposes or motivates one to engage in marijuana use
2
Q
Describe the psychological trait that Becker believed predisposed people to engaging in marijuana use.
A
A trait that has a need for fantasy + escape from psychological problems
3
Q
Becker suggests marijuana is an interesting case for deviance theroies because the deviant behaviour produces __________________________.
A
Deviant motives (which is opposite of what usually occurs)
4
Q
According to Becker, as marijuana use increases, an individual’s conception of marijuana ___________.
A
develops
5
Q
What approach does Becker take in his field work on marijuana?
A
Symbolic Interactionist approach
6
Q
the New York City Mayors Committee on Marijuana determined marijuana was not addictive because one can remain an _____________ user.
A
infrequent
7
Q
T/F : New York City Mayors Committee on Marijuana believed there was no craving or withdrawal symptoms for the drug so therefore it was not addictive.
A
T
8
Q
According to Becker, the psychological trait theory for marijuana does not account for the group of users, turning up at each study, that _______________________________________.
A
Are not predisposed with this trait
9
Q
The variability of a marijuana user’s ____________ toward the drug is one problem for Becker’s psychological theories.
A
behaviour
10
Q
What is the “marijuana technique” as described by Becker?
A
Must use proper smoking technique of not getting too much air + not enough smoke
11
Q
What 2 things according to Becker are required to be “high?”
A
- Symptoms caused by marijuana use
- Recognition of these symptoms + their connection to the drug
12
Q
T/F: One feels they have so much more time when high on marijuana.
A
T
13
Q
According to Becker, marijuana use ceases when one is unable to _______________________________________.
A
perceive the drug’s effects any longer
14
Q
What are 2 situations in which a marijuana user may not be able to perceive the drug’s effects?
A
- Mixing it with other substances
- When marijuana use occurs so often, the distinction of being high and normal is missing
15
Q
Physical harm is done to __________ or to ___________.
A
others; oneself
16
Q
Which 2 types of ‘harm’ are done to others or oneself?
A
Emotional; Physical
17
Q
Drunk driving is an example of which type of ‘harm?”
A
Physical
18
Q
Bullying is an example of what type of ‘harm?”
A
Emotional
19
Q
Negative self-talk is an example of what type of ‘harm?’
A
Emotional
20
Q
Social harm are behaviours that ______________________________________________.
A
interfere with the smooth running of society
21
Q
What is an example of social harm?
A
- Obesity
- Criminal activity
22
Q
Threatening the ways we understand the world + our place in it describes which type of ‘harm?’
A
Ontological Harm
23
Q
What is a limitation of using ‘harm’ to define deviance?
A
Perceptions of harm change overtime
24
Q
What is a limitation to using societal reactions to define deviance?
A
We focus on the negative reactions of society rather than the factors that contribute to the reaction
25
What are 2 limitations to using statistical rarity to define deviance? (Hint: they are opposites of one another)
- Some behaviours are statistically uncommon, yet they are accepted (ex. heroic acts)
- Some behaviours are statistically common, but are unacceptable in larger society (ex. underage drinking)
26
The limitation to using normative violations to define deviance is that they are culturally ____________.
specific
27
Folkways are considered _______, while mores are considered _____________.
odd; immoral
28
What describes an informal norm in society, such as choice of clothing?
Folkways
29
What describes the foundation of morality in a culture?
Mores
30
Some norms have a higher level of _________ which makes defining deviance by normative violations limited.
consensus
31
What is the most micro-level in the social construction of deviance?
Individual level
32
What is the most macro-level in the social construction of deviance?
Globalization level
33
There are ____________ processes involved in the social construction of deviance.
multilevel
34
"Our interactions with other people influence the way we think + feel about others" describes which level in the social construction of deviance?
Interactional Level
35
Which level involves learning about the dangers of smoking in an educational setting?
Institutional Level
36
The ____________ level in the social construction of deviance involves the influence of beliefs, ideologies, values, and systems of meaning.
Sociocultural Level
37
How many levels are there in the social construction of deviance.
5
38
"Our own conceptions of the self + the way we understand our own existence in the world" is apart of which level in the social construction of deviance?
Individual Level
39
"Interconnectedness" relates most to which level in the social construction of deviance?
Globalization Level
40
What is the Deviance Dance?
Interactions, negotiations, and debates among group with different perceptions of whether a behaviour is deviant + needs to be socially controlled + if so, how.
41
What is an example of Retroactive, formal control?
Civil laws that make it illegal to purchase cigarettes under the age of 18
42
What is an example of Preventative, informal control?
Older individuals explaining the dangers of smoking to you
43
Joining a self-help group to quit smoking describes which form of social control?
Retroactive, self-control
44
Teleological is related to _________.
goals
45
Tautological means it is ____________.
Circular
46
Functionalist ideology is critiqued on the fact that it ignores the ___________+ __________ circumstances from which aspects of social life emerged.
social + historical
47
Functionalist ideologies are known to have a ___________________ bias.
Conservative
48
Social learning theories are sometimes criticized for what they HAVEN'T ________________.
Explored
49
A criticism of the Neutralization theory is that theory states that neutralization is used ________ to an act, yet the research has focused on what happens _______ the act.
Prior; After
50
A limitation of control theories is that they are ____________.
Tautological
51
Which theory has the limitations in that research fails to address the social structures + its role in the processes surrounding deviance + normality?
Interpretive Theories
52
Critical theories are limited because they have inconsistent _________ support.
Empirical
53
Critical theories fail to recognize the consensus that _________________________________________.
does exist in society regarding many laws + rules
54
What does the news emphasize in reference to opioid-related deaths in white people? (Hint: in regards to the user + the manufacturer)
- White, "middle-class youth" who are experimenting with drugs
- The youth are innocent while the drug manufactures are demonized
55
What does the news emphasize in reference to opioid-related deaths in Indigenous people?
That it is chronic community-based issue
56
Most opioid-related ODs are adults aged ___________.
30-54
57
Which group of people are overrepresented when portrayed opioid-related ODs in the media?
Indigenous
58
Due to ____________ in media ownership, we have access to a narrower range of ideas that ever before.
Concentration
59
What describes deviance acts committed using computer technology?
Cyberdeviance
60
What would a social learning theoriest suggest about cyberpiracy?
More likely to engage in it if you have friends who do
61
What would a self-control theorist suggest about cyberpiracy?
Those with less self-control are more likely to engage in piracy
62
When is sexual consent not possible? (Hint: 2)
- Between a child + an adult
- Using the date rape drug
63
Deviant and normal sexuality is depicted upon 3 factors. What are they?
1. Consent
2. Nature of the sexual act
3. Nature of the sexual partner
64
How does "failing to matter" affect youth criminality?
- Youth who feel they do not matter to their parents, community, or society are more likely to be criminally active
65
Youth who feel they do not matter use _____________ ____________ to reconstruct themselves as important.
Criminal activity
66
The media frames girls' violence by portraying them as ___________ villains.
Sinister
67
The media frames girls' violence by portrayed it through a ______________ lens.
Sympathetic
68
What violence is portrayed in the media as being motivated by extreme jealousy or sexual rivalry?
Girls' violence
69
The growing efforts to help "problem" drinkers on campus have not reduced the extent of harm that results from alcohol consumption, describes what term?
Prevention Paradox
70
In regards to University alcohol consumptions, which group of people are most of the harms caused by?
Low-to-moderate risk drinkers (or those engaging in occasional binge drinking)
71
Research in the mid 20th centrury states that the most important interests of high school boys was ________________________________, while high school girls wanted to _______________.
being a star athlete; be popular
72
What was the South Bronx like before WWII?
Tranquil; large estates; modern amenities; grand buildings w/ courtyards; known for their parks
73
Why did the South Bronx go through a torrential downhill slide post WWII?
Demise of NYC's manufacturing economy that resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs
74
Who were blamed for the demise of the South Bronx?
Puerto Ricans + Blacks
75
Who were the 'los tecatos?'
Those who roamed the streets at night chasing heroin
76
Who were the 'las gangas?'
Youth who claimed to do the good that police wouldn't do
77
Who caused the Fuego (fire) period in the South Bronx in the 1970s?
Slumlords
78
What 2 reasons did cocaine return in the 1960s?
1. US government cut legal production of amphetamines + sedatives
2. US-supported Pan American Hwy provided a means of transporting cocaine
79
What led to crack-cocaine becoming the worst drug epidemic in American History?
Ronald Reagan dramatically reducing funds for federal drug treatment and instead funding law enforcement, drug task forces, etc.
80
What capitalist ideology does the author, Katz, cite as fuelling the crack trade in the US urban areas in the 1980s?
The "tough luck" ideology
81
Describe the Hydraulic relationship that Penrose (1939) proposed existed between the mental health care system and CJS during.
"When one contracts, the other expands"
82
What was the conclusion of Rosenhan's study on 'pseudo-patients' with mental illness?
Salient characteristics in the diagnosis of a mental disorder lie more within the social context vs the individual
83
The purpose of the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study was to explore the effects of deinstitutionalization from the perspective of ________________________________________.
Chronic discharged psychiatric patients
84
In the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study, the non-chronic returned to a life of ____________, while the chronic had ________________ attempt at returning to life of normality.
Normality; little-to-no
85
The chronics in the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study _______________ the role of the mental patient.
Internalized
86
Who were the social ties of the chronics in the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study?
1-2 ex patients
87
In the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study, the non-chronics employed __________ responses while the chronic adapted _____________ responses.
Offensive; Defensive
88
Which patient subculture was working + middle class in the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study?
Looney tuners
89
Which patient subculture in the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study had a lower education level?
Mixed Nutters
90
Which 3 major activities in which the Mixed Nutters and Looney Tuners participated in?
1. Hanging around
2. Shrink sessions
3. Schooling
91
What were the 2 subculture norms related to the behavioral pattern of "Hanging around?"
- Sharing tobacco
- Contributing money to group
92
According to the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study, when is it okay to sell meds?
When selling to adults + only if it is absolutely necessary
93
What is considered "acceptable merchandise" to shoplift, according to the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study?
Food
94
In the "Mixed Nutters" and "Looney tuners" study, what does "Argot" refer to?
Distinctive vocabulary that allows one to decipher an outsider from an insider and a neophyte from a vetern
95
Whose boundaries are bigger, Looney Tuners or Mixed Nutters?
Mixed Nutters
96
Desinstitutionalization is defined by ex-patients as social ________________.
Segregation
97
Among youth today, there has been a rapid __________ in tobacco cigarette use and a rapid _________ in e-cigarette use.
Decline; Increase
98
What was initially considered a "safer" alternative to cigarette smoking?
E-cigarettes
99
What is a "cloud chaser" e-cigarette user?
- When it functions as a hobby
- Learn tricks while exhaling the smoke
100
Fewer than ___% of youth smoke cigarettes today compared to ___% in the 1970s.
1%; 20%
101
More than ___% of high-school students vape.
25
102
What percent of University students are binge drinkers?
35-40%
103
The proportion of abstainers in University has ____________.
Increased
104
The proportion of more frequent, high-risk binge drinking in University students has _____________.
Increased
105
Binge-drinking is most common among what members of University students?
On-campus groups (athletic teams, frats, etc.)
106
What are the 3 central concepts used to study drug use when using the life course approach?
1. Transitions
2. Turning Points
3. Social Capital
107
According to the life course approach to drug use, ___________ transitions in social roles + identity can provoke _________________ in behaviour.
Broader; Turning points
108
Methamphetamine use becomes closely entangled with what 2 things?
- Sex
- Sexual identity
109
The process of quitting methamphetamine is different than other substances because there is a significant incidence of _____________________________.
Relapse post-treatment
110
Activities such as _______ and ______________ are relapse triggers for meth.
Sex + dancing
111
What makes sex of any kind a trigger for potential relapse of meth?
When frequent sex with multiple partners was aided by drug use
112
What is the MOST prevalent relapse trigger for methamphetamines?
Reconnecting with drug-using social contacts
113
A common cessation trigger for meth was having an ______________ or sudden realization.
Epiphany
114
Methamphetamine cessation triggers are often ______________ and ____________ factors.
Sudden; unknown
115
What was instrumental for mother's in their recovery of methamphetamine use?
The support of family members
116
For individuals who used meth to combat long hours in difficult jobs, the turning point in their drug use often occured when they became _____________________ or had access to ___________.
Incarcerated; money
117
What has a major impact on stimuli that may inspire cessation or relapse triggers?
Social contexts
118
What is seen as acting equally as a motivator for methamphetamine recovery or a rationalization to return to drug use?
Taking personal responsibility
119
___________ identities labelled individuals in the present, and temporarily placed them on an expected trajectory towards sobriety.
Addict
120
One prescription offered for the development of effective interventions for methamphetamine users is to focus on ___________ ________________ strategies.
Harm reduction
121
One prescription offered for the development of effective interventions for methamphetamine users is to understand how one's _______________ may trigger / inhibit turning points of drug use.
Environments
122
________ __________ refers to the ways that each of us adapts, changes, or controls characteristics of our bodies.
Body Projects
123
Describe "camouflaging projects."
The everyday ways we control the appearance of our bodies + adhere to cultural norms
124
Attempts to overcome one's physical limitations relates to _____________ body projects.
Extending
125
What type of body project would body building be considered?
Adapting project
126
Cosmetic surgery or getting a tattoo resembles _____________ projects.
Redesigning
127
Putting in contact lenses would have use engaging in ____________ projects.
Extending
128
What type of body project creates permanent changes in the body through invasive measuers?
Redesigning projects
129
Getting your children's names tattooed is an example of ______________ femininity.
Established
130
What type of femininity perceives too many tattoos as unattractive?
Established femininity
131
What type of femininity opposes dominant gender ideals?
Resistant femininity
132
If a woman has a tattoo of a dagger, they are engaging in ____________ femininity?
Resistant
133
One study showed that men are more likely to think a woman with tattoos is more likely to ________________________________.
Have sex on the first date
134
One study showed that jurors are more likely to render a guilty verdict to sexual assault when a woman has a _________________________.
Feminine tattoo vs a masculine one
135
Even when comments express admiration or envy of one's body, individuals who are labelled "too-thin" feel ________________.
Uncomfortable
136
Prior to the late 19th century, being of a greater body weight was seen as being ____________ + _____________.
Healthy + Wealthy
137
A moral / deviance model condemns being fat as ________.
Bad
138
Which model medicalized fat + positions medicine as the ultimate solution?
Illness model
139
The _________________ / _____________ model rejects medical claims of illness + focuses on the rights of fat people.
De-medicalized / Political
140
The rise of organizational activity to fight obesity is acting within which model of 'fatness?'
Illness model
141
The French have an ____________ / health approach to weight, while Americans have a ___________ / health approach to weight.
Aesthetic ; Moralistic
142
What is a similarity between the French and American culture in regards to weight?
Both have internalized that fatness is bad for one's health
143
___________ + cultural dominance are forces that shape national beliefs about _____________.
Financial; obesity
144
Why would Canadian attitudes differ from American and French attitudes regarding weight?
Canada is neither financially or culturally dominant
145
Mother's are often blamed for their children's weight problems because of their faulty __________________ and emotional ___________.
Feeding practices; imbalance
146
Mothers who are careless, negligent, or overly permissive are considered partly responsible for the ___________ epidemic.
Obesity
147
What term has established itself more in Canadian medical research than 'epidemic?'
Risk
148
Using the term '______' conceptualizes obesity as a risk factor for disease + as a disease itself.
Risk
149
Canadian medical discussions on obesity label what 2 things as critical components to treatment?
1. Food
2. Diet
150
____________-level solutions remain central in Canada in contrast to addressing social factors for obesity.
Individual
151
Both the church and the federal government have responded to the legacy of residential schooling by issuing ______________________.
Formal apologies
152
According to a social darwinism theorist, who was considered as the most highly evolved?
European colonizers
153
Eurocentric science has its foundation in __________ oppositions.
Binary
154
What are the 2 binary oppositions that make up science today?
Eurocentric science + Indigenous knowledge
155
In Indigenous knowledge, the _________ world and the _________ world are interwoven.
Natural; social
156
_________ world has dominion over the __________ world in Eurocentric science.
Social; Natural
157
Science is seen as a _________ act that has been used to benefit the dominant culture by modelling the core intellectual practices of _____________________.
Political; colonization
