Week 13 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
The link between SES and crime is __________.
A
indirect
2
Q
Low SES promotes ___________.
A
Delinquency
3
Q
High SES promotes _______________.
A
Delinquency
4
Q
Why 3 factors associated with low SES promote delinquency?
A
- Alienation
- Financial strain
- Aggression
5
Q
Increased ________ _______ and ________-_________ behaviour makes one’s adherence to conventional values just ‘okay.’
A
social power; risk-taking
6
Q
Why does high SES promote delinquency?
A
Increased social power + risk-taking behaviour reduces one’s adherence to conventional values
7
Q
What is white collar crime?
A
Crime committed by a person of respectability + high social status
8
Q
Few _________________________ result in convictions.
A
White Collar Crimes
9
Q
White collar crimes are more often addressed through _______ ____________ rather than courts.
A
Civil Agencies
10
Q
Citizens prefer receiving _______ __________ rather than criminal punishment for white collar offenders.
A
Civil damages
11
Q
Why do white collar criminals escape prosecution? (Hint: 2 factors)
A
- Class position
- Privilege
12
Q
White collar prosecutions are usually limited to the __________ offender only.
A
Primary
13
Q
What would a Marxist researcher state on Corporate Crime? (Hint: 2 statements)
A
- WCC is more harmful on the sphere of production in capitalist economies
- Greater negative impact on society from WCCs vs “street crime”
14
Q
Why do corporations have strong motivation to commit crimes + socially harmful behaviour?
A
Profit maximization mandate of capitalism
15
Q
Who are the most powerful special interest groups?
A
Transnational corporations
16
Q
_______________ corporations have amassed so much economic power that they are hard to regulate.
A
Transnational
17
Q
When do Transnational Corporations decide to relocate to another country?
A
When a government is TOO restrictive in regulatory policies
18
Q
When is state legitimacy questioned?
A
If the state cannot provide peace, security, good government, or protection
19
Q
Any state that fails to live up to its end of the social contract will eventually face a __________________________.
A
Crisis of Legitimacy
20
Q
A Crisis of Legitimacy means the state no longer _______________________________________.
A
maintains the authority to govern
21
Q
Crisis of Legitimacy can lead to growing _________ inequality and ___________.
A
economic; insecurity
22
Q
What can be caused by under-regulated business practices of major corporations?
A
Crisis of Legitimacy
23
Q
Contemporary state power requires that the state is perceived as ____________ by the citizens.
A
legitimate
24
Q
What emphasizes privatization, deregulation, reduction of welfare state through reduction in programs and lower of takes.
A
Neoliberalism
25
What has been the current political philosophy since the 1970s?
Neoliberalism
26
How much do the poorest 20% of Canadians make annually?
$20,000
27
How much do the richest 20% of Canadians makes annually?
$500,000
28
What is Canada's annual income gap inequality?
$480,000
29
Canada's annual income inequality gap has been growing since Canada introduced ________________.
Neoliberalism
30
Where does US sit compared to Canada on income inequality?
Canada = middle of the pack; US = extreme inequality
31
T/F : An Interactionist theorist would believe that locking up community criminals will make the community safer.
F
32
What type of theorist would think that locking up community criminals would actually make the neighbourhood more dangerous?
Interactionist Theorists
33
According to an Interactionist theorist, explain how locking up a community drug dealer would make the community more dangerous.
- Drug dealer supplies money for their family
- The busier the drug dealer = > money being spent at grocery stores, convenience stores, etc. in the community
- More jobs become available as demand for drugs increase
34
The Saints & the Roughnecks is an example of what type of theory?
Differential Labelling Theory
35
The Saints & the Roughnecks both committed the same amount of deviance, yet those in ________________ responded differently to each group's acts of deviance.
Authority
36
If the authorities believed that a deviant act was just "boys being boys," who were they referring to: The Saints or the Roughnecks?
The Saints
37
Roughnecks ended up identifying with the ________ "I am bad" as this is what __________ expected of them.
label; society
38
How old do we need to be in order to recognize ourselves in the mirror?
18 months
39
What 3 questions does "The Looking Glass Self" by Charles Cooley ask?
1. How do others see me?
2. How do others evaluate me based on what they see?
3. How does their evaluation make me feel about myself?
40
What does the "I" represent in "The 'I' and the 'Me'" by George Mead?
The one that thinks, acts
41
What does the "Me" represent in "The 'I' and the 'Me'" by George Mead?
Mediated by what society says
42
Looking in the mirror and thinking you are fat has to do with what aspect of George Mead's theory on the development of the self?
"Me"
43
Which aspect of George Mead's theory on the development of the self refers to the subject having power + agency?
"I"
44
The "I" is _________________ of what society says.
Independent
45
What are the 3 "components of the self" according to Higgens?
1. The actual self
2. The ideal self
3. The ought-to-be self
46
"What should I be?" represents which component of the self?
The ought-to-be self
47
Stating, "I am a middle aged woman" has to do with which component of the self?
The actual self
48
Wanting to be tall and thin has to do with what component of the self?
The ideal self
49
What component of the self does being healthy have to do with?
The ought-to-be self
50
According to Goffman, what is the difference between our Front Stage selves and Back Stage selves?
- Front stage: try to manage people's impressions of us
- Back stage: being totally ourselves
51
According to Goffman, wearing make up and doing our hair to go out of the house represents our _________ ________ selves.
Front Stage
52
Erving Goffman believes that the performance of the self is _____________________.
Dramaturgical
53
What does Erving Goffman relate the presentation of self in everyday life to?
Drama (or theatre / or a stage)
54
Erving Goffman uses the Front / Back stage self theories to explain ______________ ______________.
Impression Management
55
Appearance norms + deviance from them are social _____________.
Constructs
56
What are Italy's standards of "beauty" in a woman compared to Egypt?
Italy = super skinny
Egypt = curvy
57
Who are more likely to be evaluated harshly in regards to appearance norms?
Women
58
The more __________ candidate is more likely to get the job, even when the interviewer is a ____________.
attractive; woman
59
What 2 things do we relate attractiveness to in Western society?
- Living in wealthier neighbourhoods
- Having a higher education
60
According to scientific standards, what BMI is considered underweight?
< 18.5
61
According to scientific standards, what is the ideal BMI?
18.5-24.9
62
According to scientific standards, if you had a BMI of 27.0, you would be considered __________.
Overweight
63
What BMI does someone need in order to be considered obese, according to scientific standards?
30.0+
64
According to the BMI measure, how many people are considered overweight?
2/3
65
____% of men in Canada are overweight or obese.
62
66
_____% of women in Canada are overweight or obese.
46
67
What is a real concern in Canada in regards to obesity?
The rise in childhood obesity
68
What percent of men + women in Canada are considered underweight according to the BMI measure?
2-3%
69
Which mental disorder has the highest death rate?
Anorexia
70
What mental disorder is predominantly a Western disease?
Anorexia
71
What is the main problem of being underweight?
Decreased immune functioning
72
What are 3 medical concerns associated with being overweight?
1. Hypertension
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. Certain cancers
73
What might a social constructionist ask when researching Anorexia?
- How is this disorder different between cultures?
- How has it changed over time?
74
How does a medico-scientific understanding of obesity attribute it to your thyroid gland?
Low functioning thyroid (hypo) = gain weight very quicklu
75
How do psychotic drugs attribute to obesity?
They block the transmission of neurochemicals that tell your brain that you are "full"
76
From a sociological understanding of obesity, an increased standard of leaving has resulted in ______________________________________________. (hint: name at least 3/5 things)
An increase in:
- Eating fancy food
- "All you can eat" restaurants
- Drivet throughs
- Food pricing
- Food advertising
77
Overtime, female bodies in the media have become ___________.
thinner
78
How have male bodies in the media changed overtime?
Become more muscular + leaner
79
The way the media portrays female + male bodies are ________________ by only a few people.
Attainable
80
Why was Kristie Clemetns, author of "The Vogue Factor" criticized?
She had the power to change things in the model industry, but didn't
81
What point did Kristie Clemetns make in "The Vogue Factor?"
The beauty standard is unattainable
82
What are the top 3 Canadian cosmetic procedures?
1. Breast augmentation
2. Liposuction
3. Eyelid surgery
83
In which country are small breasts associated with the upper class?
Brazil
84
West & Zimmerman's "Doing Gender" (1987) argue that gender is heavily informed by ___________.
culture
85
The western emphasis is a __________ man and a ___________ woman.
strong; petite
86
Society prescribes what is ____________ to be feminine or masculine.
appropriate
87
What term refers to the idea that women are shot in vulnerable, sexual, submissive positions for advertisements?
Male Gaze
88
West & Zimmerman's "Doing Gender" (1987) suggest individuals are doing gender on a ___________________.
Daily basis
89
Why does Western society fear getting older?
Because we celebrate being young so much
90
In what culture is getting older celebrated more than being young?
Indigenous culture
91
Existential anxiety is the fear of _____________.
Irrelevance
92
What is the "Sisyphean Exercise?"
Rolling the boulder up the hill + letting it fall backdown
93
What does the "Sisyphean Exercise" represent in Western society?
The pursuit of beauty
94
The Sisyphean exercise stems from what perspective?
Political Economic
95
In the 1960s, ______________________ began to expand the beauty market to target men.
GI Joe Dolls
96
From 1960 - 1990, GI Joe Dolls' biceps more than __________.
doubled
97
Over a 25 year period, Playgirl Centerfold models lost ______lbs of fat and gained ______lbs of muscle.
12; 25
98
Between the 1980s & 1990s, advertisements targeted new potential beauty customers. What were these 4 "types" of customers?
1. Single men in their 30s
2. Divorced men
3. Middle-class, working men
4. Gay men
99
Why was the "Gay men" market considered "big money" in the 1990s?
- They weren't married due to gay marriage still being illegal
- Had no children as it was difficult for gay men to adopt
- Therefore, they had money
100
What perspective would argue that doctors were responding to symptoms within a gendered body?
Feminist perspectives
101
Some feminist perspectives on beauty include: Keeping women out of the ________ sphere; having a _________ range in North America about what is considered attractive; and the fact that our life experiences are often determined by ______________.
public; narrow; our bodies
102
Feminist research has shown that doctors are more likely to prescribe _______-________ medication to women for chest pain compared to sending men to a ______________.
Anti-anxiety; cardiologist
103
__________ + ___________ are both belief systems.
Religion + science
104
Belief systems are _____________ and _____________others.
Deviantized; deviantize
105
What is a belief system?
A cohesive set of interrelated beliefs
106
What describes any proposition that is thought to be true?
Belief
107
What is extremely common, and can include both plagiarism and data falsification?
Scientific Misconduct
108
What is the term used to describe deeming scientific practices unacceptable because they intentionally manipulate research outcomes?
Scientific Misconduct
109
What is the "Bad Apple" theory for Scientific Misconduct?
Overwhelming majority of those who work in science do not engage in misconduct, but there is always one or two
110
Describe the "Iceberg Theory" of Scientific Misconduct.
We detect only a small proportion of all the instances of misconduct that are actually occurring
111
According to the Iceberg theory, the pressure to _____________ is a reason for scientific misconduct.
publish
112
What is a publishing bias?
The idea that positive results are more likely to be published
113
When it comes to scientific research, it is imperative for people to know _______________________ just as much as we know what does.
what doesn't work
114
Doctors who conduct meetings with pharmaceutical representatives in their offices are statistically worse at ________________.
prescribing
115
If a pharmaceutical company tells a University that if their research on a new medication is successful, they will donate millions to open a new wing of the University, this falls under which problem causing scientific misconduct?
The corporation of science
116
How does profit motives for research participants increase scientific misconduct?
Participants who are reliant on the money they are earning for participating are less likely to report accurate symptoms due to fear of being cut off from money.
117
_____________ and ___________ represent how what is scientifically legitimate changes over time, as they used to be seen as pseudo-science.
Acupuncture; evolution
118
What is the one symptom of PTSD that stands out?
Flashbacks
119
What did Alan Young argue in regards to politics + PTSD?
That politics socially constructed PTSD by forcing citizens to go to war
120
Which scientific theory is referenced to rationalize colonization and Alberta's eugenics program?
Social Darwinism
121
What theory is base don the belief that humans evolve from primitive to more civilized?
Social Darwinism
122
In Alberta in the 1930s, __________ was not required for sexual sterilization.
consent
123
What were the 3 reasons as to why doctors sexually sterilized individuals in Alberta without their knowledge?
1. Reproductive organs would cause major mental illness
2. Feared sexual promiscuity
3. Not be responsible to care for all their potential children
124
Today, when is it illegal to abort a baby in Canada?
When the decision is soley based on the baby's sex
125
When is aborting a baby in Canada legal after the 12 week window?
If the baby has a chromosome-abnormality
126
Many women get criticized when she decides to carry her baby who has a disability to term. How has this effected society?
Decreased diversity in our population
127
What is the dominant religion in Canada?
Christianity
128
What is the second dominant religion in Canada?
Protestantism
129
Christianity has grown due to ___________.
immigration
130
What is the #1 country of the most Christian immigrants to Canada?
Phillapinnes
131
After Christianity, what is the most commonly cited answer to one's religious affiliation?
"None"
132
What is the third most cited religious affiliation?
Islam
133
Most Canadians remain affiliated with their ____________ religion.
parents'
134
T/F : Churches and Temple attendance is a reliant measure of religiosity.
F
135
The religious demographic in Canada is __________.
changing
136
Overall, religion is ___________ in Canada.
declining
137
_________ tend to report being more religious than _________.
Women; men
138
Canada's Point System for Skilled Workers (1967), listed which factor as the most important?
English / French ability
139
If you were applying to be apart of Canada's Skilled Workers Program as an immigrant, it would be better if you were ____________ in age.
Younger
140
What type of work experience dud Canada's Skilled Workers Program prioritize?
Western work experience
141
Which country did Canada label as "desirable immigrants" until the 1960s?
Africa
142
____________ is the process by which religion increasingly loses its influence.
Secularization
143
What is one example of how Canada is secularized?
- Stores open on Sundays
- No more prayers in the morning @ public schools
144
What are 2 examples of how Canada is not secularized?
- Statutory holidays based on Christianity
- Publicly funded religious schools
- Swearing on the bible in the court of law
- Catholic services providing healthcare alongside AHS
145
The secularization of Quebec occurred much ________ +_________ than the rest of Canada.
faster; sooner
146
What was the one thing that differentiated Quebec's education system from the rest of Canada?
All schools were run by Catholicism
147
What led to secularization in Quebec?
Parents seeing academic scores higher in all other provinces + relating it to all schools in Quebec being run by Catholicism
148
Quebec's history cannot be properly told without referencing ___________________________.
The Catholic church
149
According to Emile Durkheim, religion is __________ and separation from it is _____________.
sacred; problematic
150
T/F : Individuals can be religious and not bring it into their workplace.
F
151
T/F : Religion is monolithic.
F
