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AICP - Study flashcards > Areas of Practice > Flashcards

Areas of Practice Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Fiscal Impact Analysis?

A

Also known as a cost-revenue analysis, is used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government.

Ex: if a developer plans to build a shopping mall, what will be the cost to extend and maintain infrastructure, provide police and fire service and transit access?

The answer is then compared to the sales, property, and income tax generated from this new development.

If revenues are greater than expenditures then the development will have a positive impact.

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2
Q

What is Euclidean Zoning?

A

Names after Euclid, OH where it places more protective restrictions on residential land use, less on commercial, and none on industries.

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3
Q

What is cumulative zoning?

A

This is a successive zoning district where it allows uses from a previous zone.

Ex: a single family district allows single family homes;
A multi-family district allows apartments and single family homes; a commercial district allows retail/commercial and also multi-family homes; industrial district allows industrial and commercial.

A person could build a single family home in any zoning district but a favored can only locate in an industrial district.

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4
Q

What is Modified Cumulative Zoning?

A

In this type of zoning, districts are typically cumulative by the type of land use.

Ex: a multi-family district would allow single family but an industrial district would not allow residential use.

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5
Q

What’s the difference between conditional and permitted use?

A

A permitted use would not require the city’s permission.

A conditional use or special use permit requires permission and allows certain use in a district only when it’s compatible with its surroundings.

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6
Q

What is trip generation?

A

This deals with the number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate.

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7
Q

How do you determine the trip generation rate?

A
  1. Origin-Destination Survey - requires that roadblocks be set up along major routes and cars within the cordon line are questioned where they are coming from and where they are going.
  2. Cross Tabulation models - they allow for estimate of trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics.

Some trip generation rates:
9 daily trip ends per single family dwelling
7 trip ends for apartment unit
38 daily trips per 1,000sf of shopping center space

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8
Q

What are Enterprise Zones?

A

They are geographic areas in which companies can qualify for a variety of subsidies.

Original intent was to encourage businesses to stay, locate, or expand in depressed areas to help revitalize them.

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9
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

In economic development is that certain jobs will drive demand for other jobs.

If a new industry creates 10 new jobs directly, then 15 indirect jobs will be created and 12 induced jobs. Therefore the 10 direct jobs resulted in a net total of 37 jobs in the region.

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10
Q

What is CSD?

A

Context-Sensitive Design refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values.

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11
Q

What is a Form-based code?

A

This is a type of zoning code that regulates development to achieve a specific urban form.

They address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, the form and mass of buildings in relation to one another and the scale and types of streets and blocks.

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12
Q

What is New Urbanism?

A

This promotes compact, walkable neighborhoods. Promotes mixed income and walkable neighborhoods with a variety of styles.

It was formed to counter “modernist urbanism” of which was designed by Le Corbusier in his Radiant City in 1922 to house 3 million inhabitants with a 60 story glass skyscraper.

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13
Q

What are some examples of Tactical Urbanism?

A

Tactical Urbanism represents an activists approach to engaging the community in the possibilities of transforming a space.

Park-ing Day - turns parking spaces into temporary parks

Empty storefront into a pop up shop

Adding a temporary bicycle lane

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14
Q

What is a TOD?

A

Transit Oriented Development - this is a mixed use development designed to maximize access to public transportation.

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15
Q

What is Biophillic Design?

A

The need to create a habitat for people as biological organisms.

Direct experience with nature:
Light, air, water, plants, animals, weather

Indirect:
Images of nature, natural materials, natural colors, mobility and way finding, etc

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16
Q

Who wrote “How the Other Half Lives?”

A

Jacob Riis in 1890 which highlighted the plight of the poor in NYC.

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17
Q

Who wrote the Neighborhood Unit Concept?

A

Clarence Perry in 1929 as part of the “Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs.”

The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines neighborhoods based on a 5-minute walking radius, with a school at its center.

Each neighborhood is approximates 160 acres with a density of 10 units per acre and a population of 5,000

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18
Q

What is PWA?

A

Public Works Administration of 1934 provided 85% of the cost of public housing projects. 1st federally supported housing program.

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19
Q

National Housing Act, 1934

A

Established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.

Wagner-Steagall Act of 1937 built upon the National Housing Act establishing the US Housing Authority and provided $500 million in loans for low cost housing projects

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20
Q

Explain the Resettlement Administration.

A

1935; used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the US.

Three of these were the “Greenbelt” communities of Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD.

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21
Q

Housing Act 1937

A

Tied slum clearance to public housing

Provided $500 million in home loans for development of low-cost housing.

This act including Section 8 which authorized project-based rental assurance where owners reserve some or all units in a building to low-income tenants.

This was amended in 1974 to create what is known as “Section 8 Housing.”

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22
Q

What is the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act?

A

1944; known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. Resulted in rapid development of suburbs.

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23
Q

What is HUD?

A

1965; US Department of Housing and Urban Development - put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates and subsidies for public housing projects.

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24
Q

What is FHA?

A

1968; Fair Housing Act - expanded on previous act to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin and since 1974, sex.

Since 1988 the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.

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25
Q

What is CDBG?

A

1974; Community Development Block Grant

Created under the Housing and Community Development Act. The grant provides flexibility for communities to use federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas.

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26
Q

To receive HUD funds, what is required of a local community?

A

They must prepare a Consolidated Plan.

This is both a process and a document. It is a process through which a community identifies its housing, homeless, and community development needs and establishes multi-year goals and an annual action plan.

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27
Q

What are the four characteristics of a park score?

A

Acreage, investment, amenities, access

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28
Q

What is the Wilderness Act?

A

1964; this act defined wilderness as an area of undeveloped Federal land retailing its primeval character and influence without permanent improvements or human habitation.

As of 2016, more than 106 million acres of federal public lands are designated as wilderness.

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29
Q

What did the two acts from the 1920s cause confusion about comprehensive planning?

A

Standard City Planning Enabling Act: purposely avoided defining a comprehensive plan but gives examples of the subject matter.

Standard Zoning Enabling Act: states that zoning regulations must be in conformance with a comprehensive plan but did not define the term.

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30
Q

What are the steps of the comprehensive planning process?

A
  1. Identifying stakeholders
  2. Defining goals
  3. Gather information and analysis
  4. Develop alternatives
  5. Select an alternative
  6. Implement (set a budget and lay out action steps)
  7. Evaluate and amend
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31
Q

How do planners make change in the world?

A
  1. Long-range community visioning
  2. Plan making
    3 standards, polices and incentives
    4 development work
  3. Public investments
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32
Q

What does smart growth mean for the housing sector?

A

Smart growth principles promote compact, transit-serves housing as well as providing a range of housing opportunities and choices.

  1. Mixed use/mixed income
  2. Choice and opportunity
  3. Efficient and sustainable land use
  4. Retrofitting communities
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33
Q

What is the difference between land capability analysis and land suitability analysis?

A

Land capability analysis analyzes physical data to estimate the cost of land development.

Land suitability analysis is broader and focuses on where development should occur.

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34
Q

What is a “right to farm” law?

A

Right to farm laws deny nuisance lawsuits against farmers who use standard farming practices and have been in prior operation even if these practices harm or bother adjacent property owners or the general public.

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35
Q

What is the difference between mitigation and adaptation?

A

Mitigation is the reduction of greenhouse gases; Adaptation is about confronting the impacts of climate change rather than actually reducing greenhouse gases.

As planners we want to do both.

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36
Q

What is a net zero building?

A

A building that produces as much energy as it uses in a given time period.

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37
Q

What is meant by “diversion” in waste management?

A

Diversion is about diverting waste from a landfill or incinerator by instead reusing or recycling waste.

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38
Q

According to APA, what does housing have to do with climate change?

A

Climate change can be addressed through compact housing design, preservation of existing housing stock, and provision of a range of housing opportunities.

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39
Q

What do ecosystems services try to incentivize?

A

Ecosystem services are a way to incentivize land conservation and sustainable land management practices.

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40
Q

How often are Local Mitigation Plans suppose to be updated?

A

Every 5 years

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41
Q

What does the National Flood Insurance Program require local governments to do?

A

To identify flood prone areas, as well as the link between living in a flood prone area and the ability to buy flood insurance.

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42
Q

Given an example of point vs. non-point solution.

A

Non-point pollution is “diffuse” and covers a wide area; it may be associated with a particular land use.

Ex/ fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, sediment from improperly managed construction sites

Point pollution comes from a specific site.

Ex: smokestacks, discharge pipes, drainage ditches

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43
Q

What is another name for CERCLA (comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability act)?

A

The Superfund bull, identifies superfund sites.

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44
Q

Who is Rachel Carson?

A

Wrote Silent Spring, 1962

Catalytic in bringing public awareness about environmental issues in the 1960s.

This created NEPA.

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45
Q

Who administers the Clean Water Act?

A

Section 404 of the clean water act

US Army Corps of Engineers - administers day to day program

EPA - develops and interprets policy and guidance

US Fish and Wildlife Service - evaluates impacts on fish and wildlife

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46
Q

What are the C.A.F.E Standards?

A

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, first enacted in 1975.

This was to improve the average fuel economy of cars and light trucks produced in the US.

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47
Q

What are the elements to be integrated in a “food system”?

A

Food production, processing, distribution, consumption and often disposal.

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48
Q

What do food policy councils do?

A

25 states have food policy councils which address issues like food deserts, obesity rates, and loss of agricultural land and take an integrative approach to looking at food.

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49
Q

How is conservation design different from a PUD?

A

Conservation design is about making open space usable when development is clustered; according to the book “Rural by Design,” open space that was preserved as a result of PUDs tended to neglect his consideration.

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50
Q

How is a TDR different from a PDR?

A

PDRs are planned development rights and involve the selling of development rights. This can help protect farmland.

TDRs involve transferring development to a receiving area.

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51
Q

What is the goal of Low Impact Development?

A

The goal of LID is to preserve and recharge groundwater by using appropriate principles of site development and design.

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52
Q

What is a CAP park?

A

Built over a segment of freeway. They have been around since the 1950s

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53
Q

What is an alternative way of measuring park provision, beyond acreage per population?

A

Park conditions, park amenities, and park pressure which is based on density and access.

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54
Q

How many acres and sq feet are in 1 mile?

A

640 acres

43,560 sq ft

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55
Q

How much SF is needed for 1 parking space?

A

400 sf

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56
Q

What are the standard catchment areas for pedestrian sheds?

A

A pedestrian shed is the area around a given resource, typically based on a radius of 1/4 mile (Perry) or 1/2 mile (Transit Oriented Development)

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57
Q

Who wrote “The Image of the city”?

A

Kevin Lynch: 5 Elements of Imageability - paths, edges, districts, nodes, landmarks

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58
Q

What does a figure-ground map show?

A

1748 Map of Rome by Giambattista Nolli

It shows spatial definition which is a relationship between solid spaces (buildings) and open space (voids)

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59
Q

What is CPTED?

A

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design

Oscar Newman, “Defensible Space”

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60
Q

What density is needed to support transit?

A

Depends on location but typically ranges from 10-30 dwelling units per acre around a station in a city center, to 5-20 units per acre around a station in a suburban center.

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61
Q

Why was the Housing Act of 1954 important to local planning?

A

Section 701 funds for comprehensive planning
Communities less than 25,000

Slum prevention and urban renewal

Pruitt-Igoe - built 1955, St. Louis - failure, no funding for maintenance demolished 1972

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62
Q

What did the Fair Housing Act outlaw?

A

The Act specifically stated that a landlord could not refuse to rent or sell to someone based on race, religion, family status or gender and therefore outlawed discrimination in housing.

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63
Q

What are Promise Zones?

A

HUD - high poverty areas where the federal government (HUD) partners with local leaders to increase economic activity, improve educational opportunities and leverage private investment, among other goals

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64
Q

What is the largest funding source for affordable housing?

A

The Low-Income Tax Credit (LIH-TC) which allows private investors to take a federal tax credit for development of affordable housing.

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65
Q

What land use category should apply to small group homes?

A

According to APA, small group homes should be considered a residential land use.

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66
Q

What LOS characterizes a traffic jam?

A

Level of Service F

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67
Q

What are the LOS (A-F)?

A

A. Free-flow with low volumes and high speeds
b. Reasonably free flow
C. Stable flow at or near free flow (mostly stable flow, but speeds and maneuverability are somewhat constructed by the volume)
D. Approaching unstable flow
E. Unstable flow, operating at capacity
F. Forced or breakdown of flow (constant traffic jam)

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68
Q

What is VMT?

A

Vehicles Miles Traveled

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69
Q

What is volume to Capacity Ratio?

A

The number of vehicles passing through an intersection or area of road divided by the number of vehicles it’s designed to handle.

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70
Q

What is a Travel Demand Model?

A

Uses current travel behavior to predict future travel patterns from a sample of travel behavior data.

  1. Trip generation (volume of trio origins and destinations
  2. Trip distribution (across TAZs)
  3. modal split
  4. Trip assignment - pathways used by each trip
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71
Q

What are origin-destination surveys used for?

A

Conducted to understand the pattern and distribution of vehicular trips.

Ex: daily pattern of trips for work vs trips for shopping

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72
Q

What is the difference between vertical and horizontal traffic calming?

A

Vertical traffic calming refers to things like raised intersections and speed bumps.

Horizontal traffic calming refers to horizontal shifts like traffic circles.

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73
Q

Does complete streets intersect with economic infrastructure?

A

Yes, as well as:

Bike and pedestrian compatibility, green infrastructure, street furniture.

Key of complete streets: Elements that provide for streets to accommodate multiple users and goals.

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74
Q

What percent of parking is “free” according to Donald Shoup?

A

There’s 99% of parking is free. Enormous subsidy - over supply. Makes driving less expensive when we should not be subsidizing driving.

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75
Q

What are the two shared mobility service models?

A

Core and incumbent (car rentals, taxis) and Innovative services (car sharing and micro transit)

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76
Q

What transportation act was first to present a multi-modal approach to transportation?

A

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (1991) called Ice-Tea

Followed by the Transportation Equity Act (1998)

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77
Q

Why did APA label the FAST Act as a “mixed bag”?

A

While it allowed local planners to determine street design standards for federally funded projects, it did not raise the gas tax in order to fund transportation improvements.

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78
Q

Planners need to consider what for infrastructure of new development?

A

Typical demand, demand under worst case scenarios, roadway use, sewer facilities and capacity (what is the depth and velocity of flow?)

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79
Q

How do planners determine if a proposed development is adequately served by fire responders?

A

Distance to fire station and the development, available water pressure; fire insurance ratings

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80
Q

What was the Community Reinvestment Act designed to do?

A

The 1977 Community Reinvestment Act was about reducing, redlining and encouraging banks (and Savings & Loans) to meet the needs of all members of the community.

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81
Q

What is the New Markets Tax Credit Program?

A

A program that uses tax credits to stimulate economic development in under-served areas.

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82
Q

What law was passed to protect human health and the natural environment from hazards of waste and to reduce the amount of waste generated?

A

The Resource Conservation Recovery Act of 1976. This is the primary federal act dealing with disposal of solid and hazardous waste.

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83
Q

What is it called when the petroleum output is at its maximum either a continued increase in demand?

A

Peak Oil

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84
Q

What will an origin-destination survey demonstrate?

A

Pattern of daily trips

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85
Q

In Neotraditional Development, a node is what?

A

Mixed use, multimodal, contains public spaces

This is also known as the new urbanism or traditional neighborhood development.

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86
Q

In what federal environmental law is the term “potentially responsible parties” used?

A

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act identifies potentially responsible parties for environmental contamination.

Also known as Superfund.

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87
Q

What does FEMA stand for?

A

Federal Emergency Management Agency

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88
Q

What is the discharge of pollutants into the environment in an untreated, partially treated, or completely treated state?

A

Effluent

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89
Q

What would allow a landlocked property owner the ability to obtain an easement?

A

According to the common law doctrine, an easement by necessity is used to allow a landlocked landowner to access a public roadway over another’s private land when no other relief is feasible.

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90
Q

What are several methods for conducting a fiscal impact analysis (cost-revenue analysis)?

A
  1. Average Per Capita Method: simplest method, but least reliable. It divides the local budget by the existing population to determine the average per capita cost for the jurisdiction.
  2. Adjusted Per Capita Method: Uses the figure calculated above and adjusts this based on expectations about the new development.
  3. Disaggregated Per Capita Method: estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses; ex: the cost of servicing a shopping center vs an apartment complex.
  4. Dynamic Method: applies statistica analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. Ex: how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store and applies this to the new development. Requires more data and time than the other methods.
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91
Q

What is the federal Indian trust responsibility?

A

The federal Indian trust responsibility is a legal obligation under which the United States “has charged itself with moral obligations of the highest responsibility and trust” toward Indian Tribes (Seminole National v United States, 1942)…money/funds owed

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92
Q

What is a federally recognized tribe?

A

It is an American Indian or Alaska Native tribal entity that is recognized as having a government-to-government relationship with the United States, with responsibilities, powers, limitations and obligations attached to that designation and is eligible for funding and services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

There are 574 federally recognized American Indian and Alaska Native tribes and villages.

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93
Q

How is federal recognition tribal status conferred?

A

Historically, most of today’s federally recognized tribes received federal recognition status through treaties, acts of Congress, presidential executive orders or federal administration actions or federal court decisions.

1978 - Dept. of Interior issued regulations governing the Federal Acknowledgement Process (FAP) to handle requests for federal recognition.

1994, Congress enacted Public Law 103-454, the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act, which formally established 3 ways in which an Indian group may become federally recognized:

  1. By Act of Congress
  2. By the administrative procedures under 25 C.F.R. Part 83
  3. By decision of a United States court.

Under this Act, the Secretary of the Interior must publish an annual list of federal recognized tribes in the Federal Register.

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94
Q

What are the three types of reserved federal lands?

A
  1. Military
  2. Public
  3. Indian
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95
Q

What are the two ways zoning can be changed?

A
  1. Through an amendment to the zoning ordinance or text.

2. Through an amendment to the zoning map.

96
Q

What are the three different approaches to regulating land use in zoning?

A
  1. Euclidean Zoning
  2. Cumulative Zoning - succession
  3. Modified Cumulative Zoning
97
Q

What are two ways a conditional use permit can be issued?

A
  1. Run with the land

2. Run with the ownership

98
Q

What is an overlay zone/district?

A

It is a district/zone that have a set of additional restrictions that are placed over the top of an existing zone. (Examples: historic preservation and airports).

99
Q

What are the two types of variances?

A
  1. Use variance - example a business owner would like to operate an ice cream shop in an area that is not zoned for restaurant use
  2. Area variance - example is a property is excluded from the physical site requirements under the zoning ordinance such as allowing a 20’ setback versus the required 25’ setback.
100
Q

Triple Bottom Line

A

1994, John Ellington

Argued that companies should prepare 3 different bottom lines including 1. Corporate profit, 2. People 3. Planet

101
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The concept of carrying capacity is used in city planning to discuss the maximum population and employment that could be carried within a particular community.

First used by James Buchanan in 1845 and Ian McHarg wrote about the concept in his “Design with Nature.”

102
Q

What are some typical local street standard?

A
  • 500 feet maximum tangents
  • use of stop signs or speed bumps to reduce speed
  • 150 feet between intersections
  • clear sight distances of 75 feet

Tangent and curve radii are supposed to be higher on collector streets because of clear sight distance is needed at higher speeds

103
Q

How is a road scored?

A

Through the International Roughness Index

Only 41 percent of US roads meet the requirements for a “good ride”

104
Q

Street patterns include:

A
  • Grid: a street pattern common in ancient cities (New Urbanist planners advocate this)
  • Loop streets with min and max depth standards
  • Cul-de-sacs with max length and min radius standards of 400-450 feet long and 40 foot turn-around radius
  • Plaza and hammerhead street style, usually insufficient for vehicular turn-around
105
Q

Public Roads Administration (PRA)

A

Was responsible for implementing the highway system - 1947 designated 60,000km of interstate highways

1962 - Federal-Aid Highway Act - created the federal mandate for urban transportation planning in the US. The act required that transportation projects in urbanized areas be based on an urban transportation planning process (the 3-c’s: Continuing, Comprehensive, and Cooperative).

106
Q

Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

A

Federal Highway Administration regulations require a regional transportation plan for areas with populations of 200,000 or more. These items are prepared by the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)

107
Q

Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance (APFO)

A

This allows governments to deny or delay new developments if the existing government services cannot support it.

108
Q

What is the practice of requiring that infrastructure be in place and available at a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur?

A

Concurrency

109
Q

What is defined by FEMA as “any action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from natural hazards?”

A

Hazard Mitigation

110
Q

A ______________ is defined as “any natural catastrophe or, regardless of cause, any fire, flood, or explosion, in any part of the United States, which in the determination of the President causes damage of sufficient severity and magnitude to warrant major disaster assistance under the Stafford Disaster Relief Act.

A

Major Disaster

111
Q

A __________ is defined as “any occasion or instance for which, in the determination of the president, Federal assistance is needed to supplement State and local efforts and capabilities to save lives and protect property and public health and safety, or lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in any part of the United States.” as defined in the Stafford Disaster Relief Act.

A

Emergency

112
Q

__________ refers to the ability of a community to return to its original form after it has been changed.

A

Resiliency

113
Q

Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act

A

1988
This act constitutes the authority of the federal government, FEMA, to respond to a disaster.

The Stafford Act was amended in the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, which requires local governments to prepare and adopt hazard mitigation plans. Focuses on prevention.

114
Q

The Stafford Act outlines four primary components of a state hazard mitigation plan, outlined in section of 409 of the Act:

A
  1. An evaluation of the natural hazard in the designated area.
  2. A description and analysis of the state and local hazard management policies, programs, and capabilities to mitigate the hazards in the area.
  3. Hazard mitigation goals and objectives and proposed strategies, programs, and actions to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerability to hazards.
  4. A method of implementing monitoring, evaluating, and updating the mitigation plan; such evaluation is to occur at least on an annual basis to ensure that implementation occurs as planned, and ensure that the plan remains current.
115
Q

April 22, 1970

A

Earth Day

116
Q

_________ is an area where freshwater meets saltwater.

A

Estuary

117
Q

_________ is a type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.

A

Marsh

118
Q

___________ includes rivers, lakes, oceans, ocean-like water bodies, and coastal tidal waters.

A

Surface Water

119
Q

________ is a freshwater wetland that has spongy, muddy land and a lot of water.

A

A swamp

120
Q

_________ include swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas. They are areas that are
inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to
support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands can be
natural or constructed.

A

Wetlands

121
Q

NAAQS

A

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

A part of the Clean Air Act 1970

The EPA publishes a Green Book which lists National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) designations, classifications, and nonattainment status.

122
Q

The Clean Air Act monitors six pollutants:

A 
Ozone
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Lead
123
Q

PSD

A

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment.

124
Q

Environmental Justice

A

Executive Order 12898 was issued by President Clinton in 1994 and requires that federal agencies strive to make achieving environmental justice part of their mission by addressing the disproportionate adverse environmental and human health impacts of its policies, programs, and activities on minority and low-income populations.

125
Q

What are the sources of electricity?

A

The source of electricity in the U.S. is:

  1. 7% fossil fuels (split by coal and natural gas), 20% nuclear, and
  2. 1% renewables (mostly wind and hydropower).
126
Q

National Affordable Housing Act of 1990

A

This Act created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation.

127
Q

HOPE VI

A

HOPE VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following the principles of New Urbanism.

128
Q

Corridor Transportation Planning

A

Corridor transportation planning typically occurs at the regional level.

Corridor planning identifies the long-range transportation needs along the corridor, evaluates alternatives, and implements strategies addressing these needs.

Most corridor transportation planning is conducted by a Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO).

129
Q

Integrated Corridor Management (ICM)

A

U.S. Department of Transportation

This refers to the “efficient movement of people and goods through institutional collaboration and aggressive, proactive integration of existing infrastructure along major corridors.”

The main goal is for corridors to be managed as multimodal systems where operational decisions are “for the benefit of the corridor as a whole.”

130
Q

National Scenic Byways Program

A

The Federal Highway Administration developed the National Scenic Byways Program in 1992.

The purpose of the program is to designate and fund enhancements of scenic highways across the U.S. In order to receive Scenic Byway Designation, the roadway must have archaeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, and/or scenic qualities.

As part of the designation process, a Corridor Management Plan must be prepared

131
Q

_________ are undeveloped natural land areas that have been set aside for the purposes of open space and recreation, linking urban residents with nature.

A

Green belts

132
Q

What downtown district went through significant decay in the 1980s and then went through major redevelopment to become a significant entertain,ent center in the 2010s?

A

Times Square

Fred Kent: Projects for Public Spaces

133
Q

What describes a small town?

A

Medium Density Development

Rural by Design lists small towns as medium density that is typically walkable in its core. This is surrounded by low and very low density development.

134
Q

What are examples of Intelligent Transportation Systems?

A

Freeway Management
Traffic signal control
Electronic toll collection

135
Q

List the sub-state regions in the US that have special jurisdictional powers?

A

Outer Banks, CA
Meadowlands, NJ
Reedy Creek, FL

136
Q

What is an oligotrophic lake?

A

A deep lake with a low supply of nutrients with low supply of organic matter.

137
Q

What is a mesotrophic lake?

A

Contains moderate amount of nutrients and healthy, diverse population of aquatic life. Large algae blooms can occur.

138
Q

Eutrophic Lake

A

High in nutrients and contains large populations of aquatic life. Common fish: carp, blue gills, bullheads.

139
Q

The Tennessee Valley Authority resulted in the generation of power and management of flooding in what spatial areas of practice?

A

The Tennessee Valley Authority covers multi-state areas.

140
Q

In a TDR program, what way do owners of sending areas receive a benefit?

A

Owners of sending area properties achieve some economic return on their property that would otherwise be restricted or prohibited from developing due to sensitive areas or low density zoning requirements.

141
Q

Performance Zoning does not…..

A

Increase the speed of development review.

142
Q

What is considered an important social goal of the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century?

A

Provision of funding for projects that will transport welfare recipients to and from jobs

143
Q

What is the simplest and least expensive way to provide a safe public drinking supply?

A

Limit development near the water supply

144
Q

What was HOPE VI originally known as?

A

Urban Revitalization Demonstration

The National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing recommends revitalization in 3 categories:

  1. Physical improvements
  2. Management improvements
  3. Social and community services

Created by the dept of veterans affairs, hud, and independent agencies appropriation act

145
Q

What was HOPE VI originally known as?

A

Urban Revitalization Demonstration

The National Commission on Severely Distressed Public Housing recommends revitalization in 3 categories:

  1. Physical improvements
  2. Management improvements
  3. Social and community services

Created by the dept of veterans affairs, hud, and independent agencies appropriation act

146
Q

What are the type of streets?

A
  1. Freeways: limited access roads
  2. Arterial Streets: streets that provide through traffic movement on a continuous route joining major traffic generators, where access to abutting properties may be controlled….a high capacity urban road that sits below freeways/motorways on the road hierarchy

….principal arterial, minor arterials

  1. Collectors: collect traffic from local roads and distribute it to arterials (used to go to and from somewhere)
  2. Local roads: lowest speed limits and carry low volumes of traffic
147
Q

The 3 C’s of a good staff report

A

Compliance, Consistency, Compatibility

148
Q

What growth management technique would likely be used to control growth to coincide with a capital improvement plan?

A

Building permit caps are an effective growth management tool that when coupled with a capital improvement plan, time the issuance of building permits to coincide with the community’s ability to support development and its demands.

149
Q

What is collaborative rationality?

A

Diversity, interdependence, authentic dialog (DIAD)

150
Q

What ordinance established a system of rectangular survey coordinates for virtually all of the country west of the Appalachians?

A

The (land) Ordinance of 1785

Survey of the old northwest. The rectangular survey has been called “the largest single act of national planning in our history and…the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic.

Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
Chains, links and rods…6mix6mi (36 sections)
State
County
Range (East west)
Township (north south)
Section

Section 16 always set aside for a school/public land

151
Q

Homestead Act, 1862

A

Opened the lands of the public domain to settlers for a nominal fee and 5 years residence.
Gave them 160 acres
Must improve the land

152
Q

General Law Land Revision Act, 1891

A

Gave the president power to create Forest preserves by proclamation.

153
Q

Morrill Act, 1862

A

Authorized that the proceeds from the sale of land were to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering and ROTC….and other practical arts.

154
Q

Communities regulate markets and street merchants through zoning and business licensing or through standards of behavior on public property in 8 key areas:

A
  1. Vending locations
  2. Exemptions
  3. Permit caps
  4. Vending area
  5. Space allocation
  6. Restrictions on certain goods
  7. Cart or display design
  8. Fees and Taxes
155
Q

What is District Heating?

A

This is a system for distributing heat generated in a more efficient centralized location to residential and commercial establishments.

These include:

  • Waste heat from nuclear power plants
  • Space heating, water heating and cooling
156
Q

Oregon Model steps

A

Steve Ames

  1. Where are we now?
  2. Where are we going?
  3. Where do we want to be?
  4. How do we get there?
  5. Are we getting there?
157
Q

Cities in Transition

A

Cities facing major challenges of regeneration resulting from fundamental short or long term economic, demographic or physical changes and fall into four broad categories.

  1. Legacy Cities: Detroit or Buffalo - where the urban area is shrinking due to the decline of historic manufacturing
  2. Gateway Cities: Springfield, MA - with an aging industrial base but with an active role as a gateway city for new immigrants
  3. Boom-Bust Cities: Las Vegas or Cape Coral- past over building has been hit hard with the collapse of the housing bubble and resulting recession
  4. First Suburbs: Cleveland’s Euclid and Cleveland Heights which have inherited the problems of the declining central cities they surround but typically lack their viable retail centers, universities and technological assets
158
Q

What are the top reasons citizens oppose development in their communities?

A
  1. Protecting community character
  2. Protecting the environment
  3. Too much traffic
  4. Protect value of home
  5. Too close to home
159
Q

Preparing a income statement and a cash flow statement is known as:

A

“Set up”

With this first step, the prospective real estate purchaser can accurately measure the value and risks of an acquisition.

Income statement: net or gross income over a period of time
Cash flow statement: projects the timing of incoming payments

160
Q

Super block is a concept most often associated with:

A

Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit (Radburn, NJ)

Corbusier’s Radiant City (basis of public housing projects)

161
Q

Advocacy Planning

A

Paul Davidoff, 1965

The right of a neighborhood group or other group to advocate plans directed to its own interest.

162
Q

What is considered the typical length of a motor vehicle?

A

17’

Max 19’

163
Q

What is the most appropriate way to regulate the development of a new landfill?

A

Through a special permit.

This is appropriate for siting uses a community considers essential but may require special attention due to environmental threats.

164
Q

Charging users of roads with higher fees during high peak usage is best described as:

A

Congestion Pricing

165
Q

How are cities created/shape determined?

A
  1. The grid
  2. The strip (highway strip development)
  3. Master planned community/development
166
Q

What are the 3 types of categories allowed in permitted land uses?

A
  1. Principle Uses (allowed by right)
  2. Accessory uses (permitted only if they are incidental to the principal use)
  3. Special uses
167
Q

What is needed to request a bond change?

A

Detailed information about a community’s debt

168
Q

The Utopianism Theory is often linked to works by:

A

Le Corbusiers Contemporary City
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
Daniel Burnhams White City
FLW’s Broadacre City

Improvement of mankind’s urban experience through extensive changes in conventional methods.

169
Q

What happened at the early 20th century to bring about the City Humane Movement?

A

The Great Depression

170
Q

What are three major areas where energy can be conserved?

A
  1. Vehicle related materials and resources
  2. Highway related materials and resources
  3. Office related materials and resources
171
Q

What is fishbowl planning?

A

Type of public participation technique that allows citizens to address themselves to proposals through workshop formats.

172
Q

What are the typical components of Form Based Code?

A
  1. Building form standards (core of FBC)
  2. Regulating Plan (map)
  3. Frontage Type Standards (private realm to public realm)
  4. Public Space Standards
  5. Building Type Standards
  6. Land use
173
Q

What are the two broad types of bias in statistics?

A

Measurement Bias (due to error/ faulty design of sampling process)

Non-representative sampling bias (often intentional “selection bias”)

174
Q

What does the final product of a charette include?

A

Public works drawings with precise dimensions
Plans of open space
Wetland and drainage plans

175
Q

What are the 9 key states in John DeGrove’s smart growth systems?

A

Florida
Rhode Island
Oregon
Maine

New Jersey

Vermont
Georgia
Maryland
Washington

176
Q

What is net land area?

A

Total land area - undevelopable land

177
Q

What type of corporations are there?

A

S corps: do not usually pay tax on income but passes through the profits to its stockholders

C corps: standard corporation under irs. Taxed separately from its owners

Non for profit

LLCs

178
Q

An easement that affect property abutting the holder of an easement is referred to as:

A

Appurtenant easement: can be used by the landowner to prevent his abutter from blocking a scenic view or direct sunlight for solar heating

179
Q

What are some strategies to reduce the conversion of farmland?

A
  1. Comprehensive Plans
  2. Urban Growth Boundaries
  3. Ag protection zone
  4. Subdivision ordinances
  5. Right-to-Farm laws
  6. Local property tax reduction programs
180
Q

Saving Land for the Future - Farmland

A
  1. Mitigation ordinances
  2. Purchase of Agriculture Conservation Easement Programs (PACE)
  3. TDR
181
Q

How is a face-block neighborhood different from a residential neighborhood?

A

A Face-block neighborhood refers to two sides of a street on one or maybe two blocks;

A residential neighborhood is larger and consists of a cluster of flare-block neighborhoods.

182
Q

Who provides soil survey maps?

A

United States Department of Agriculture

183
Q

Levels of decibels

A

40 decibels - quiet neighborhood
70 are annoying
120 painful

184
Q

What term describes typos of elements that include forest preserves, river corridors, and trail heads?

A

Green Infrastructure

185
Q

The Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) notes what land uses to generate the most vehicle trips per unit?

A

Single Family at 9.5
Apartment 6.6
Townhouse 5.8

186
Q

What city is considered a neotraditional community?

A

Seaside, FL - based on the principles of new urbanism

187
Q

What program provides federal funding to states that created State-level Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans?

A

Land and Water Conservation Fun provided funds to states that had Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans. These outdoor plans are used by states to aid local governments in the creation of outdoor and open space recreation plans.

188
Q

Between 2000 and 2010, according to the US Census, what cities had the largest numeric increase in the population living less than 2 miles from downtown?

A 
Chicago
New York
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Washington D.C.
189
Q

____________ is the downslope movement of earth materials due to the force of gravity.

A

Mass wasting

190
Q

What types of purification facilities can be found in a city?

A
  1. Filtration Plan
  2. Softening Plan
  3. Deferrization Plan
  4. Demanganization Plan
191
Q

The development of inexpensive agricultural land on the urban-rural fringe beyond more expensive land, located not immediately adjacent to existing development, is known as what?

A

Leapfrog Development

192
Q

What form of development includes compact, mixed-income, walkable neighborhoods with access to public transit?

A

Neo-traditional neighborhood development. The Congress of New Urbanism promotes the development of these neighborhoods.

193
Q

What are the “big” 5 questions in an EIS?

A
  1. Environmental Impact of the proposed action.
  2. Any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented.
  3. Alternatives to the proposed action.
  4. The relationship between short-term uses of man’s environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity.
  5. Any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented
194
Q

What are Power Towns?

A

Power Towns often have 0.6 to 1 million square feet, are typically larger than Power Centers, with 3 or more big-box anchors and lifestyle center amenities (multiplex cinema, restaurants, food courts and large format bookstores).

195
Q

___________ can be a valuable tool to control the impact or regulate the performance of certain land uses on natural resources such as wetlands.

A

Special Permits

It is issued under certain conditions

196
Q

What groups of planning philosophies came before the City Humane Movement?

A

City Humane Movement (1930s after Great Depression)

Public Health (1880s)
Agrarian Philosophy
Laissez Faire
Garden City (1898, 1902)

City Functional Movement developed in the 1940s

197
Q

What is the peak parking space factor for a medical center?

A

0.10-0.75 parking spaces/employee

198
Q

A ______________ or financial statement is a tool that is used to communicate all relevant information about a real estate development project

A

Real estate “pro forma”

199
Q

Land Use Maps - Colors/land use

A

Yellow - residential (single family/town houses)
Reds - retail and commercial uses
Purples - industrial uses
Blues - institutional and public facilities
Greens - recreational uses
Grays - industrial utilities

200
Q

What is an ADU?

A

Accessory Dwelling Unit - they are small self-contained living units that typically have their own kitchen, bedroom(s) and bathroom space.

Often called granny flats, elder cottage housing opportunities (ECHO), mother-daughter residences or secondary dwellings units.

They are located within the walls of an existing or newly constructed single-family home.

201
Q

What type of legal survey can use a large tree as a monument?

A

Metes and Bounds relies on a property’s physical features to determine the boundaries and measurements of the parcel.

It starts at the POB (point of beginning) and from there, the surveyor moves around the boundary.

The words “More or Less” are used in this type of survey because the location of the monuments is more important than the actual distance stated in the wording.

202
Q

The Standard City Planning Enabling Act

A

1928
Published by the US Dept. of Commerce under Sect. Herbert Hoover
- Included all the technical elements of plans

203
Q

The number of parking spaces needed for a medical center is 1 per ________ SF (GFA).

A

800 SF GFA

1.25 spaces/1000 SF GFA

204
Q

SCORPs

A

Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plans

This is needed to receive funding from the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF)

205
Q

Based on the ITE manual, what has the highest trip rate/use?

A 
Single Family Housing - 9.6 trips/unit
Low-rise Apartment - 6.6 trips/unit
Townhouses - 5.9 trips/unit
Mobile Homes - 5.0 trips/unit
High Rise Apt and High rise condos - 4.2 trips/unit
206
Q

What has the highest daily trip generation rates per 1000 SF?

A

Drive-in Restaurants - 550 trips/1000SF
General Office Bldg - 12 trips/1000SF
Light Industrial - 6 trips/1000SF
Single Family - <5 trips/1000SF (10/du)

207
Q

According to the Smart Growth Network, there are 10 principles of smart growth:

A
  1. Create Range of Housing Opportunities and Choices
  2. Create Walkable Neighborhoods
  3. Encourage Community and Stakeholder Collaboration
  4. Foster Distinctive, Attractive Places with a Strong Sense of Place
  5. Make Development Decisions Predictable, Fair and Cost Effective
  6. Mix Land Uses
  7. Provide a Variety of Transportation Choices
  8. Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Natural Beauty and Critical Environmental Areas
  9. Strengthen and Direct Development Towards Existing Communities
  10. Take Advantage of Compact Building Design
208
Q

Transportation Systems Management (TSM)

A

This is an approach to congestion mitigation that seeks to identify improvements in order to enhance the capacity of existing systems through operational means.

Elements include: metering on ramps, one way streets, signalization optimization, turn lane striping improvements, or special event management strategies.

(Carpooling and vanpooling incentives, improved transit service, staggered work schedules)

209
Q

Meridian Lines run? Baselines run?

A

Meridian Lines run North and South

Baselines run East and West

210
Q

A 6 inch x 6 inch square on a standard quad map represents approximately:

A

A little more than five sections

US Geological Survey - Quardrangle Map is 7.5 minute x 7.5 minute.

1:24,000 (1” = 24,000”)
24,000”/12” = 2,000 ft
2,000ft x6 =12,000 ft
12,000ftx12,000ft = 144,000,000SF
144,000,000/43,560 (ft/acre) = 3,305.8 acres
3,305.8 acres/640 acres (in 1 section) = 5.2 sections

211
Q

Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 placed a number of conditions on local governments including:

A
  1. Local Governments must not unreasonably discriminate among competing providers
  2. Local Governments must act on all wireless tower permit requests within a reasonable time
  3. Any decision by a local council denying a wireless tower must be substantiated by evidence in writing.
212
Q

Disjointed Incrementalism has been proposed as:

A
  1. An alternative to synoptic rationality
  2. A way of getting additional information about a proposed project
  3. Scenario which envisions a series of actions by one actor in an interactive system

Charles Lindblom - Muddling Through

213
Q

How would you best classify the use of special use or conditional use permits to protect natural resources?

A

Performance Standard

214
Q

The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act

A

1986
Created to help communities plan for chemical emergencies - this federal law regulates the chemical plants use of hazardous materials.

215
Q

The 1966 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act was under what administration and what did it include:

A
  1. A part of President John’s “Great Society” program
  2. Started the Model Cities program
  3. Included a historic preservation portion
216
Q

What is Negotiated Rulemaking?

A

This is a process for drafting regulations that brings together parties who would be affected by a rule.

This was enacted as US federal law 1990 under the Negotiated Rulemaking Act.

217
Q

What permitting system allows people to obtain a permit to discharge pollutants into water?

A

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

218
Q

As a planner for a county, you are concerned that the current level of development may be affecting water quality. The county has a series of wetlands. Much growth is occurring on the edge of the wetlands. What GIS system map will illustrate environmental contamination in the wetlands that will be most helpful to the county?

A

Land use map because it contributes differently to water contamination. For example, you would expect more polluting runoff from a fertilized golf course than you would from a house.

219
Q

When was the Port Authority created?

A

1921 to manage regional transportation including bridges, tunnels, airports and seaports.

The Port Authority is unique at the time resulting in multimodal transportation management. The Port Authority today has wide ranging responsibilities including the rebuilding of the World Trade Center.

220
Q

How does the census count homeless?

A

The Census includes a Service-Based Enumeration of homeless receiving service at:

  1. A total count of people living in homeless shelters on a designated night
  2. A count of people receiving free meals at soup kitchens on a designated day
  3. A count of people living at designated street locations on a designated night.
  4. A count of people receiving meals at mobile food vans on designated day
221
Q

What is true about the Urban Development Action Grants program?

A
  1. Facilitated public-private partnerships
  2. Attempted to encourage redevelopment in urban areas
  3. Encouraged intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of redevelopment projects.
222
Q

Public goods are unlikely to be provided by the private sector because….

A

No one can be excluded from the consumption of the good.

Public goods are those which are provided to all members of a society. Example of public goods include: clean air, streetlights, and national defense.

223
Q

Describe Biomass

A

Biomass is plants or trees that are grown to be used to generate energy.

Biomass fuels provide about 5% of total primary energy use in the US in 2018.

224
Q

What involves Secondary Treatment?

A

Wastewater treatment through the physical separation of settleable solids and a biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds.

225
Q

According to the 2010 APA Policy Guide on Surface Transportation the majority of Americans pay in excess of. _______ of household income on transportation and housing.

A

50%

226
Q

_____________ is an example of state-level planning resulted in the creation of a 26 mile parkway system constructed between the 1890s and 1930s, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.

A

Olmsted Parkway - initially owned by the state-level park commission. In 1942, the state passed control to the City of Louisville.

227
Q

Who founded the Congress of New Urbanism?

A

Peter Calthorpe

228
Q

Storm sewers are typically designed to hold up to a ________ year flood.

A

25

229
Q

What is the function of a Council of Government (CoG) or regional council?

A
  1. A planning organization
  2. Technical service provider
  3. Visionary to its member local governments
230
Q

What portion of mail surveys are typically returned?

A

Less than 20%

231
Q

What does it mean to have a -.85 correlation?

A

That it has a strong correlation.

Anything value closer to +1 or -1 is strong

A weak correlation is a value close to 0

232
Q

What would a wellhead protection ordinance e protect?

A
  1. Primary recharge area
  2. Secondary recharge area
  3. Tertiary recharge area

A wellhead protection area is surface and subsurface land area regulated to prevent contamination of a well or well field supplying a public water system.

Wellhead protection is established under the Safe Drinking Water Act.

233
Q

According to the 2010 census, what percentage of manufactured homes are located in manufactured housing communities?

A

25%

234
Q

The APA created what document to encourage states to revise their standard state enabling acts?

A

The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook

235
Q

The Federal Property Administration Act of 1949

A

Developed to dispose of federal property - crated the GSA

236
Q

Indian Reorganization Act 1934

A

Also known as Wheeler-Howard Act

Passed by Congress aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self government and responsibility.

AICP - Study flashcards (13 decks)

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