Plan Making and Implementation Flashcards
1
Q
A ________ is a research method that allows one to collect data on a topic that cannot be directly observed.
A
Survey
2
Q
Surveys typically take a sample of a population . The population of interest is called the ________________.
A
Sampling frame
3
Q
What type of survey gathers information about a population at a single point in time? Planners typically use this.
A
A cross sectional survey
4
Q
What type of survey is one planners use over a long period of time?
A
Longitudinal survey
5
Q
What type of surveys can be mailed, printed in a newspaper or administered in a group setting?
A
A written survey
6
Q
What survey has a high and quick response rate where it target s specific population?
A
Group-administrative survey
7
Q
A __________ allows to be dropped off at someone’s residence or business.
A
A drop-off survey
8
Q
What type of oral surveys are there?
A
- Phone surveys - useful with yes/no answers; more expensive than mail or internet surveys
- Online surveys - popular, can be website, email or text, inexpensive, has higher response rate than written and interview surveys but you will not be able to reach everyone as some may not have internet access
9
Q
What is probability sampling?
A
There is a direct mathematical relation between the sample and the population so precise conclusions can be drawn.
If you want to produce results that are representative of the whole population, probability sampling techniques are the most valid choice.
Examples include:
Random samples - where everyone had a chance of being selected
Stratified sample - the population is divided into separate groups or classes. Most electoral surveys are stratified.
Cluster sample - where a specific group out of the general population is sampled from such as the elderly or residents in a neighborhood
10
Q
What is non-probability sampling?
A
There is no precise connection between the sample and the population.
Examples
Convenience sample - individuals readily available
Snowball sample - where one interviewed person suggests other potential interviewees
Volunteer sample - self selected respondents
11
Q
What are the three important steps in the statistical process?
A
- Collect data (surveys)
- Describe and Summarize the distribution of the values in the data set
- Interpret by means of inferential statistics and statistical modeling (draw conclusions for the population based on the sample)
12
Q
What are the different types of measurements?
A
- Nominal Data: classified into mutually exclusive groups or categories and lack intrinsic order. The label of the category does not matter and should not imply order.
Examples: zoning classification, social security number, etc.
- Ordinal data: ordered data implying a ranking of the observations. Only the rank counts.
Examples: letter grades, suitability for development and response scales on a survey
- Interval data: has an ordered relationship where the difference between the scales has a meaningful interpretation.
Example: temperature: the difference between 30 and 40 is the same as 20 to 30 but 20 is not twice as cold as 40 degrees.
Ratio data: gold standard of measurement - where both absolute and relative differences have a meaning.
Example: distance measured where the difference between 30 and 40 miles is the same difference between 20 and 30 miles and in addition 40 miles is twice as far as 20 miles.
13
Q
What is a variable?
A
A mathematical representation of a concept and thus also of the measurement of that concept.
14
Q
What are the types of variables?
A
- Quantitative Variable: actual numerical value is meaningful. Quantitative variables represent an interval or ration measurement.
Examples: household income, level of pollutant in a River
- Qualitative Variable: the actual numerical value is not meaningful. Qualitative variable correspond to nominal and ordinal measurement.
Example: Zoning Classification
- Continuous Variables: can take on an infinite number of values, both possible and negative.
- Discrete Variables: can only take on a finite number of distinct values.
Example: count of a number events such as accidents per month; can’t be negative and only take on integer values such as 1, 28 or 211.
15
Q
______________ use probability theory to determine characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population.
Example: take 25 test takers and use their average age to say something about the mean of all of the test takers.
A
Inferential Statistics
16
Q
___________ is the overall shape of all the observed data. It can be listed as an ordered table or graphically represented by a histogram or density plot.
A
Distribution
17
Q
What is the difference of a histogram and a density plot?
A
Histogram groups observations in bins represented as a bar chart.
A density plot is a smooth curve.
The full distribution is typically too overwhelming so that it’s characteristics are summarized by descriptive statistics.
18
Q
What is the Gaussian Distribution?
A
Also known as normal and referred to as the bell curve.
19
Q
____________ is a distribution where an equal number of observations are below and above the mean.
A
Symmetric Distribution
20
Q
What is typically the preferred measure of central tendency?
A
Median is preferred (ranked distribution - one in the middle)
The other two measures in central tendency include
Mean (average) and mode (the most frequent number in a distribution).
21
Q
What are the four major population estimation and projection methods?
A
- Linear Method - uses the change in population over a period of time and extrapolates this change to the future.
Ex: Population growth 1000/year the last 20 years, assume it would grow again 1000/year.
- Symptomatic Method: uses any available data indirectly related to population size such as housing starts or new drivers licenses. It then estimates the population using a ratio such as average household size.
Example: average household size is 2.5 on 100 new single family building permits, the yield would estimate 250 new people added to the community.
- Step-Down Ratio Method: this method uses the ratio of the population at a known point in time (usually census) and use it to prosody the current or future population.
Ex: Plannersville is 20% of the county population which is 20,000 and therefore Plannersville is 4,000.
- Cohort Survival Method: uses current population plus natural increase (more births, fewer deaths), and net migration to calculate a future population.
22
Q
What are the three major economic analysis methods?
A
- Economic Base Analysis:
looks at basic and non-basic economic activities.
Basic can be exported
Non-Basic are locally oriented
The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region.
A location quotient if less than 1 is an importing economy. Greater than 1 is exporting.
- Shift-Share Analysis:
analyzes the local economy with a larger economy. Looks at differential shift, proportional shift and economic growth. - Input-Output Analysis
A quantitative method that links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Requires a large quantity of data which is costly.
23
Q
Between 2000 and 2010, the US has continued to urbanize with _______ of the US population living in urban areas.
A
81%
24
Q
What are the fastest growing states? The slowest?
A
Nevada (35%)
Arizona (25%)
Utah (24%)
Idaho (21.1)
Rhode Island
Louisiana
Ohio
Michigan’s population declined over this decade losing .6% (only state to decline)
25
What are the top 10 fastest growing metropolitan areas?
1. Palm Coast, FL
2. St. George, UT
3. Las Vegas-Paradise, NV
4. Raleigh-Cary, NC
5. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL
6. Provo-Orem, UT
7. Greeley, CO
8. Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX
9. Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, SC
10. Bend, OR
26
How much did the average household size go down from 1970 to 2010?
And how much did the median age rise?
- went down from 3.1 to 2.59
| - median age rise 37.2 years of age
27
At what percentage did the US population rise between 2000 and 2010?
9.7%
Since the 1900s only the 1930s experienced a lower growth (7.3%) than this last decade.
28
Which regions accounted for the most increase in population growth?
South and West
29
List the population groups and years they were born
Baby Boomers: 1946-1964 (76.4 million in 2012 - 25% of population. In 2060, the youngest of them would be 96 years old and projected to be around 2.4 million or .6 percent of population)
Generation X: 1965-1976
Generation Y: 1977-2000 (children of the baby boomers)
Generation Z: born after 2000
30
A ___________ is a two dimensional representation of a portion of a three dimensional surface of the earth.
Topographical Map
31
What is GPS?
Global Positioning System allows the incorporation of the location of features and facilities into databases. Used frequently in smart phones to show your location or provide directions.
32
What does TIGER stand for?
Topographical Integrated Geographical Encoding and Referencing map.
This is used for Census Data. Includes streets, railroads, zip codes and landmarks. Can be downloaded into a GIS system.
33
What type of photographs can be incorporated into GIS?
Digital Aerial Photography
Frequently used by planners
34
What is DEMs?
Digital Elevation Models
Shows digital data about the elevation of the earths surface as it varies across communities and allows planners to analyze and map it.
DEMs can be used for storm water management, flood control, land use decisions and other purposes
35
What is LIDAR
Light Detection and Ranging
New technology using a laser, instead of radio waves, that is mounted in an airplane to provide detailed topographical information. Can create one-foot contours for DEMs for use in watershed mapping and hydrologic modeling for flood control.
36
Who developed the urban footprint and what is it?
Peter Calthrope
It uses a library of place types, block types and building types to support interactive scenario building.
37
What is the Delphi Model?
It is a public participation tool with the intent of coming to a consensus decision.
The method was created in 1944 by the US Army Air Force.
A panel of selected, informed citizens and stakeholders are asked to complete a series of questions. After each round feedback on the responses are presented to the group. Overtime the range of answers decrease and the group converges towards a single solution.
38
What is the Nominal Group Technique?
It is a public participation tool that is a group process involving problem identification, solution generation and decision making that can used for groups of any size that want to come to a decision by vote.
Someone creates a list of idea and participants rank the solutions. The solution with the highest rank is selected.
39
What is mediation?
This is a method in which a neutral 3rd party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement.
The final agreement is in writing. This is a dispute-resolution process that doesn’t involve the court system.
40
What technique can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments.
Visual Preference Survey
41
What are some of the common scales for site analysis?
1: 24,000 means 1” represents 2,000 feet (US Geological Survey uses this)
1: 62,500 means 1” to .98 miles
1: 500,000 is 1” to 7.89 miles
1: 2,000,000 is 1” to 31.57 miles
2,000,000/12 (12” in a foot) then divide 5,280 (feet in a mile) which equals 31.57 miles
42
List Slope Guidelines for Development
0-.5% no drainage - not suited for development
.5-1% no problems, ideal for all types of development
1-3% slight problems for large commercial- acceptable for residential
3-5% major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential
5-10% suitable only for specially designed development
43
What is FAR?
Floor Area Ratio
A 20,000sf parcel has a FAR limit of .5. This means that the building cannot exceed 10,000SF. It can be a one story 10,000SF structure or a 2 story 5,000SF/floor structure, etc.
44
What does NEPA stand for?
The National Environmental Protection Act of 1969.
This act requires that the environmental impact of a project be considered.
An Environmental Assessment is required to determine any significant impacts. If there are, then an Environmental Impact Statement must be prepared.
Early stages of EIS is scoping. Scoping involves the people who proposed the work and the public.
45
What are the sections of an Environmental Impact Statement?
1. Introduction - purpose and need of the proposed action;
2. Description of the affected environment;
3. Range of alternatives to the proposed action (considered the heart of the EIS);
4. Analysis of the environmental impacts of each of the possible alternatives.
46
What is a cost-benefit analysis?
This method estimates the total monetary value of the benefits and costs to the community of a project to determine whether they should be undertaken.
Typically used for public projects such as highways and other public facilities.
Jules Dupuit, 1848
Total benefits must exceed the cost of the project
Biggest challenge is that the benefits must be turned into a monetary value…
47
What is a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?
This is a method for selecting among competing projects when resources are limited.
Developed by the military.
Example: if a community has $50,000 to spend on park improvements then several different projects can be prepared such as adding playground equipment or purchasing a lawnmower.
48
What is a net present value?
This shows the net monetary value of a project, discounted to today’s present value.
Ex: if the net present value of a proposed hockey arena is greater than 0 than you can conclude the monetary benefit of the hockey arena outweighs its monetary cost.
Need to know the projects lifespan, the quantified monetary benefits, the monetary costs and the interest rate for discounting purposes.
Alternative is the internal rate of return - if the interest rate is greater than the available market interest rate than the project would be financially beneficial.
49
What is a GAM?
Goals Achievement Matrix.
This is a project management technique to comprehensively evaluate a project. It includes competing projects in rows and the evaluation criteria in columns.
50
What is the Gantt Chart?
Developed in 1917 by Charles Gantt.
It focuses on the sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented by a single bar where x is time and the length of the bar is the duration of tasks.
51
______________ is a project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution.
Linear Programming
52
What is PERT?
Program Evaluation Review Technique
This scheduling method graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks.
Good choice when precise time estimates are not available for project tasks.
53
What is CPM?
Critical Path Method
This is a tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a “critical path” through project tasks.
Each task has a known amount of time to complete before the next task can begin.
This works when a project is large-scale.
PERT/CPM are considered one method
54
What is PPBS?
Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems
This focuses on planning through accomplishing goals set by a department. Time consuming and requires goals and objectives to be stated in measurable terms.
Example: evaluation of the number of permits that are issued per month rather than satisfaction of applicants.
Limited success
55
What is ZBB?
Zero-Base Budgeting
Emphasizes planning and fosters understanding of all units of an organization. This is time consuming to justify every activity.
Limited success…
56
What are the 3 types of tax rates?
1. Progressive - the tax rate increases as income rises (higher income taxes at higher rates)
2. Proportional - the tax rate is the same regardless of income
3. Regressive - the tax rate decreases as income rises
57
What is the difference between a CBSA and a Metropolitan Statistical Area?
A Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) has a core area of at least 10,000 population whereas a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) has a core of 50,000.
Both consist of the core and surrounding communities.
58
What is the optimum size of a census tract?
The optimum population size of a census tract is 4,000 (they range from 1,200-8,000).
59
List the Census Geographical Units
Nation
Regions
Divisions
States
Counties
Census Tracts (2,000-8,000 ideal is 4,000)
Block Groups (600-3,000 - present data and control block numbering)
Census Blocks (400 housing units per block)
60
How is a linear model different from an exponential model?
A linear model has a constant rate of change (growth), an exponential model has an increasing rate of change.
61
What are the components of the fundamental population equation in the cohort component method?
Current population + births - deaths + net migration
62
When is the distributed housing unit method used?
This method can be used to calculate population in between census years.
63
What are the two fundamental drivers of population change?
Natural: births > deaths
Net migration: inmigration - outmigration
64
What is the Step-Down method?
Also known as ratio-method compares the population of a small entity to that of a larger entity and assumes the share remains the same.
65
What is the difference between basic and non-basic employment?
Basic = export, brings money from the outside (tourism)
Non-Basic = local/service, recirculated the outside money (retailers, banking)
66
What is the economic base multiplier?
Multiplier = total/basic
The ratio between total and basic employment. Measure of value that is created for the region for an additional dollar of outside money (multiplies that money).
The indirect effect of $1 additional basic (direct) activity on the economy = multiplier - 1
$1 outside money turns into multiple inside dollars
67
What is the equation for determine a location quotient?
(Local/Local)/(National/National)
Ratio of the relative share of a sector’s employment in the region to the relative share of employment in the country.
LQ> 1 is an export/basic sector
LQ<1 is an import/non-basic sector
68
What kind of data is used to determine the location quotient?
Employment data such as contained in the County Business Patterns
69
What are the different components involved in shift-share analysis?
Description of what is going on in the economy.
```
National component (share)
Total National employment growth rate and applying to the region
```
```
Industry component (mix)
Takes National growth rate of that sector and applies to local employment and subtracts National share
```
```
Regional component (shift)
Takes local employment, sectoral growth in region compared to sectoral growth nationally
```
70
What does it mean if the regional shift is negative?
A negative regional shift happens when the growth in the local employment is less than the growth nationally.
71
What are the components of total production in input-output analysis?
Total output = intermediate output + final demand
Total production is decomposed into intermediate production (production to make other products) and final demand
72
What is a transactions table in an input-output analysis?
The transactions table shows the inter-industry flows, I.e. which sector buys from what other sector(s) and how much.
73
In survey design, what is a sampling frame?
The population of interest
74
What are the types of implementation sampling?
Surveys produced by mail, telephone, web, in-person
75
What are the differences between nominal, ordinal and interval data?
Nominal Scale: categories, label doesn’t matter
Ordinal Scale: ordered categories, ranking only
Interval Scale: continuous, but only absolute differences between values are meaningful
Ratio Scale: the gold standard: both absolute and relative differences
76
What are discrete variables?
Only a finite number of values (counts of events)
77
What does a histogram show?
Shows the distribution of a variable visualized as a bar chart
78
What is an outlier?
An outlier is a observation that is “extreme.”
An observation that is more than 2 standard deviations from the mean, or an observation that is outside the fences in a box plot.
If the z-score is grater than 2 it’s an outlier.
79
When is the “alternative hypothesis” accepted?
it’s to help reject the null hypothesis
You NEVER accept the alternative hypothesis
80
What is a “Type 1” error?
A type 1 error is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is correct.
81
What does a “t-test” test?
- test on difference between means
- are two groups part of the same population?
Ex: house sales prices in a target area where there is a community improvement program and then house sales prices in an area where there is no program, is the sales price difference signicant?
82
When is a Chi-square test used?
A chi-square test is a test on the goodness of it, how well expected (predicted) values match observations.
This is to compare observed results with expected results.
83
What is the difference between Pearson and Kendall’s correlation coefficients?
Pearson (continuous)…one of the most commonly used correlations in statistics. It’s a measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between to variables. Your data must be interval or ratio.
Kendall-Spearman (rank)…It is non-parametric. It can be used with ordinal or continuous data. It is a statistic of dependence between two variables.
84
What does a linear regression analysis tell you?
Regression analysis is a reliable method of identifying which variables have impact on a topic of interest.
It can be used to quantify the relative impacts of age, gender and diet (predictor variables) on height (the outcome variable).
“Line of Best Fit”
85
What are the two important aspects of geographic information?
Locational information(where) and attribute information (values)
86
What are the two dominate data types in GIS?
Raster data (grids, pixels)
Vector (points, lines, polygons)
87
What is a datum?
A model for the earths surface, an approximation.
A datum is a mathematical approximation of the shape of the earth’s surface as an ellipsis to compute location (longitude, latitude)
88
What are the four characteristics of geographic information that are affected by projections, and what are the corresponding projections?
Shape (conformal), distance (equidistant) direction (true direction), and land area (equal area)
89
What is the purpose of data classification?
To group the observations into categories that correspond with a given color or shade on the map.
90
What is the difference between a map showing equal interval vs a quantile distribution?
An equal interval map has the same value difference between categories but the number of observations in each category can differ
A quantile map has an equal number of observations in each category but the value difference is not constant.
91
What map classification method is like a histogram?
An equal interval map classification.
92
Which planner is recognized as the pioneer of overlay analysis?
Ian McHarg, in Design with Nature
93
What is a heat map?
A heat map is a map that visualizes the concentration of points (hot spots).
94
What are Sherry Arnstein’s 3 levels of citizen participation?
Non-participation
Tokenism - public participation is just for the sake of saying you included it but not influencing the process
Citizen Power - citizens are very active and inclined and they have a voice in policy making.
95
When are focus groups most appropriate?
Specific issue that needs to be addressed, or a topic at has is a bit more sensitive.
Good for discussing plan concepts before a plan is drafted.
Ex: Where to put a public park, etc
96
What is the significance of the Oregon Model?
1st US place to pioneer the use of community based visioning in the planning process
97
What are two examples of local-option taxes that are not property tax?
1. Local option sales tax
| 2. Individual and corporate income tax
98
How might sales tax affect land development?
A sales tax might have the effect of retail locations near the boundaries of your jurisdiction in an effort to avoid sales tax.
99
What is difficult about a Community Benefits Agreement (CBA)?
Difficult to enact politically; sometimes there is no consensus on who represents the community side of the argument.
Obama Library - community enacted a CBA
100
What is the difference between a General Obligation Bond (GO) and a revenue bond?
GO Bonds - backed by the credit of the issuer and their power to tax (like a city)
Revenue Bonds- backed by a specific stream of revenue (like from building a stadium)
101
What is the difference between a TIF and a BID?
TIF - an increase in tax revenue resulting from redevelopment is used to pay off bonds that are sold to finance the development
BID (business improvement district) - involves businesses coming together to tax themselves to pay for improvements
102
What is zero-based budgeting?”
ZBB
Expenses have to be justified for each new period; each new budgeting cycle must start with a zero base
103
How is a Capital Improvement Program (CIP) related to a comprehensive plan?
A CIO is a key way that a comprehensive plan is implements. The CIP is supposed to be reviewed for its compliance with a comprehensive plan.
104
What is a “cap rate”?
Capitalization rate, or cap rate, is the rate of return on real estate investment property based on the income that the property is expected to generate.
It is calculated by dividing a property’s net operating income by current market value.
105
What is the difference between fiscal impact analysis and economic impact analysis?
A fiscal impact analysis focuses on cash flow to the public sector.
An economic impact analysis focuses on cash flow to the private sector.
106
What is the difference between CPM and PERT?
Critical Path Method and Program Evaluation Review Technique are project management techniques, small differences, they are often used together.
107
How many SF in an acre?
43,560 SF in 1 acre
108
How many acres are in a section?
640 acres in 1 section
109
What is the difference between parametric and non-parametric tests?
Parametric Tests (Pearson)
- Makes assumptions about the population
- Uses a normal probabilistic distribution
- Uses a mean value for the central tendency
- Requires previous knowledge about the population
Non-Parametric Tests (Kendall/Spearman)
- Doesn’t make any assumptions
- The distribution is arbitrary
- Uses the median value for the central tendency
- Doesn’t require previous knowledge about the population
110
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System - standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing and publishing statistical data about the U. S Economy.
NAICS - developed by the Office of Management and Budget
This replaced the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system.
111
According to projects, the population age 65 and older is expected to ______________ between 2012 and 2060.
More than double
From 43.1 million to 92.0 million
The older population will represent 1 in 5 US residents versus 1 in 7 today.
112
What is projection for the “oldest of old” between 2012 and 2060?
Those 85 and older are projected to more than triple from 5.9 million to 18.2 million - 4.3 percent of the total population.
113
By 2043 what is the US projected to become?
A majority-minority nation. While the non-Hispanic white population will remain the largest single group, no group will make up a majority.
Minorities, now 37% of US population, are projected to comprise 57% of the population in 2060.
114
By 2058, what is projected to be the nation’s total population?
400 million
115
In 2034, for the first time, _________ is projected to outnumber the ________.
the older population (65 and older); younger population (18 and younger)
116
Why does the year 2030 mark a demographic turning point for the United States?
Beginning that year, all baby boomers will be older than 65 years of age.
This means that 1 out of 5 Americans is projected to be of retirement age.
Immigration is also projected to overtake natural increase as the primary growth of the country.
117
How does the Census Bureau define an urbanized area?
An area with an urban nucleus of 50,000 or more people. Must have a core with a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile.
In 2000, 68% of Americans lived in 452 urbanized areas.
118
What is an urban cluster?
Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile.
In 2,000, 11% of the U.S population lived in 3,158 urban clusters.
119
Metropolitan Statistical Area
MSA includes at least one city with 50,000 or more inhabitants or an urbanized area (of at least 50,000) and a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000.
120
Micropolitan Statistical Area
MSA has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people.
121
Census Designated Places
CDP - for data purposes, this is for settled concentrations of population that are not incorporated.
122
Consolidated MSA
CMSA is made up of several Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSA).
Example: Dallas-Fort Worth Consolidated Metropolitan Area. Both are each primary metropolitan statistical areas.
123
Core Based Statistical Area
CBSA - defined by the US Office and Budget to provide data description for areas where there is a core area of at least 10,000 people.
124
Megalopolis
Jean Gottman
1961
Book about the 300 mile long urban area between Boston and Washington, D.C.
Many centered, multi-city, urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization.
125
Census Trends - Population
308 million Resident Population
87. 4 population per square mile of land
9. 7% increase in population from 2000-2010
126
What is the American Community Survey?
ACS - Replaced the long form in the Census. It takes a sample of the population and projects the findings to the population as a whole.
It started in 2005 and reaches 2.5% of the nation’s population each year.
127
What is spatial data?
Within GIS, there is spatial data in the form of themes, layers or coverages.
128
What are some Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADR)?
Negotiation - technique used to settle disputes and reach agreements without the help of an outside facilitator, mediator or arbitrator.
Facilitation - involves an outside person who stays neutral, leads the process and creates participation in a group.
129
Mercator Projection
Satisfy the angles and directions but NOT size and shape - good for navigations…(Greenland appears to be larger than Africa - it is not)
130
Robinson Projection
Not angles and shapes; reflect areas more reliably…(Greenland is reflected properly) projections cant satisfy everything
131
What is a Choropleth Map?
It is a type of thematic map in which a set of pre-defined areas is colored or patterned in proportion to a statistical variable.
Ex. Equal lnterval vs. Quantile Distribution
132
What is the probability of an event that is certain to happen?
1
Zero stands for an event that is impossible, while 1 stands for an event that is certain.
A probability of .5 is for an event that has a 50-50 chance of happening.
133
What is the term used to describe an area with multiple cities with a combined population of more than 10 million inhabitants?
Megalopolis
Jean Gottman - coined this term - Boston to Washington D.C.
134
This measures the degree to which two variable are related:
Coefficient of Correleation
135
What is the total acreage of national forest land in the United States?
192 million - based on data from the US Forest Service as of 2011.
136
What does ZIP Code stand for?
Zone Improvement Plan Code
137
What is the Law of Large numbers?
This theory states that the average of the results obtained from a large number of samples should be close to the expected value and will come closer as more samples are taken.
138
What information is needed to conduct a shift-share analysis?
Industry employment for the region
Industry employment for the nation
139
How do you calculate rate of change (estimation of population size)?
Birth rate = Births/total population
Death rate = Deaths/total population
Birth rate - Death rate = Overall rate of change
Total Population *(1 + Overall Rate of Change) and keep multiplying overall rate of change to outcome to receive total population.
Example: Population size 3,000. Births 400, Deaths 150
```
400/3000 = 0.1333
150/3000 = 0.500
.1333-.0500 = .0833
```
.0833 +1 = 1.0833
3,000 * 1.0833 = 3,249.9
3,249 * 1.0833 = 3, 520.62….etc.
140
Who were involved in promoting citizen participation?
Saul Alinsky
Paul Davidoff
Sheri Arnstein
141
What is true of Native American tribes that are also “Non-IRA tribes”?
They did not organize under the 1934 Indian Reservation Act
142
What is an Open Space participatory method?
Open Space allows for people to propose topics to discuss and those who are interested choose to participate in that dialog. The groups prepare summaries of their discussion to share with the entire group.
143
What does it mean to have a positive correlation?
When the high scores on one variable are associated with the high score on a second variable.
In probability theory and statistics, correlation, also called correlation coefficient, is a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables. For example when one number increases, so does the other.
144
What is the most important element of a contract for consulting work?
List of milestones.
This makes it clear the expectations of the consultant.
145
What is an analysis of the relationship between two variables called?
Regression Analysis - this compares the relationship between two or more variables. For example, the volume of traffic is based on land uses and type of roadway.
146
What is CDP, according to the U.S Census?
A Census Designated Place - recognized similar to a city but it is not incorporated.
147
How is the official unemployment rate calculated?
Individuals unemployed divided by individuals 16 years of age and older in the labor force
The BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics) does a phone survey of 55,800 households. They ask, “Are you employed?”
If yes, you are employed and in the labor force. If no, they ask “Have you been actively seeking work (ASW) in the last 4 weeks?”
If yes, you are counted as in the labor force and as officially unemployed. If no, and you say you do want to work, you are called a “Discouraged Worker.”
148
What is the largest tribal land holding in acres?
16 million - Navajo Tribe - New Mexico, Arizona and Utah
149
The use of boycotts and marches is associated with which of the following?
Saul Alinsky’s Organizations
150
What is the total acreage of land in federal Indian reservations in the United States?
56 million
There are approximately 326 Indian land areas in teh US administered as federal Indian reservations.
151
What are the top 5 most populous Countries?
1. China
2. India
3. United States
4. Indonesia
5. Pakistan
152
Why do we use form based codes?
FBC’s help your community get more of the development and redevelopment it wants, and less of what it doesn’t want.
153
Law of the Indies - 1573
Regulating urban form isn’t new. King of Spain - very specific, dimension of blocks and public spaces…
154
Risk of Abstractions (conventional zoning)
Focusing on the administrative process and measuring quantities (building square footage, density, parking spaces) INSTEAD of specifying building-to-street relationships and design fundamentals.
If this is the case, then consider a Form Based Code.
155
What are Form Based Codes?
A method of regulating development to achieve a specific urban form.
Form-Based Codes create a predictable public realm by controlling physical form primarily, and land uses secondarily, through city or county regulations.
DESIGN
156
Compare Conventional Zoning with Form-Based Zone
Conventional Zoning: focuses primarily on:
1. Use/Density
2. Management
3. Form
Form Based Code
1. Form
2. Management
3. Use/Density
157
What is the transept?
Rural (less dense) Urban (more dense)
Edge>General>Center>Core
158
Outline the components of a Form Based Code
1. Illustrative Plan: What a community wants to be when “it grows up.”
2. Regulating Plan: This is a map/drawing using symbols showing which rules apply to whom.
3. Building Form Standards (heart of FBC): they specify the position of buildings on lots/setbacks, mandatory open space, parking lot, etc. Most important tool an architect will use. Graphics are used in this section - easy to read
4. Public Realm Standards (Street Standards): describes the spaces between buildings
5. Architecture Standards (not always in FBC)
159
Where is the Largest FBC?
Miami, FL
420,000 population
326 SF
100% of parcels are covered by FBC
160
Cost Revenue Analysis
Cost Revenue Analysis determines the full cost of delivering a service or group of services.
Ex: A Cost Revenue Analysis could be used to determine the economic feasibility of annexing various types of land uses into a city. Operating costs are apportioned to land uses in the proposed annexation area and compared to the tax yields anticipated from the development.
City Council has asked you to undertake a fiscal analysis to determine if annexation of 500-acre area makes sense. What type of fiscal analysis would be most appropriate? Cost-Revenue Analysis
161
What is a push analysis?
A push analysis determines the sales capacity of a market area and if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers.
162
What is a Samoan Circle?
It is a leaderless meeting intended to help negotiations in controversial issues.
163
Plebiscite
The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.
164
What is a Participatory Rural Appraisal?
This is a group of techniques that allow for the provision and analysis of information by the public. These are typically highly visible including creation of maps or picture cards.
Used typically when the educational level of the community is low, non-literate group.
165
What is most likely to be addressed by a state planner?
State planners can be involved in economic development incentives for bringing major employers to the state. State planners would not be involved in zoning regulations.
166
What is the name of a fund established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a minor league baseball park?
Enterprise fund is an account that manages the revenues and expenditures of a self-sufficient activity such as a minor league baseball park, parking garage or zoo.
167
Which of the following is not typically included i a comprehensive plan?
- Infrastructure component
- Population projections
- Cost Revenue Analysis
- Long range goals and objectives
Cost revenue analysis is typically project based, for example the cost of building and maintaining a pool versus the revenues generated. This type of project based fiscal analysis is not typically included in a comprehensive plan.
168
The city is considering a new zoning requirement that would require a 10 foot setback from waterways. In preparing the ordinance amendment for presentation to the planning commission and city council you use which of the following to present a spatial analysis of the impact of the ordinance?
1. Vector Data Model
2. Geodesic Buffer
3. Polygon
4. Euclidean Buffer?
Euclidean Buffer - this measures the distance in two-dimensions Cartesian plan - that is straight line distances are calculated. This type of buffer works well when working at a city scale.
A Geodesic Buffer accounts for the curvature of the earth and would be used when the map projection is at a large regional scale or global scale.
169
What is used to project future economic activity?
Twelve leading indicators
The US Dept. of Commerce uses an index of twelve leading indicators to measure the direction of the economy. These include interest rates, stock prices, oil prices, unemployment, housing starts, and consumer expectations are all part of the leading indicators.
170
What states experienced the largest population increase from 2000-2010?
```
Texas
California
Florida
Georgia
North Carolina
```
