Art Section 2

Question 1

Who was the first to create concrete?

Answer 1

in the Ancient Near East

Question 2

How did the Romans contribute to the historical use of concrete?

Answer 2

Romans spread its use throughout the empire

Question 3

What is the primary purpose of revetment?

Answer 3

a facing of impact-resistant material to protect the inner structure from wear

Question 4

How did adding pozzolana sand to mortar change the use of concrete?

Answer 4

The material was more durable, inexpensive, strong and could set, or cure, underwater

Question 5

How did the wooden frames makes shapes that differed from those cut from stone, wood, or mud brick?

Answer 5

The frames would shape the concrete into shapes not able to be formed from cutting

Question 6

Ashlar masonry vs concrete barrel vaults

Answer 6

-Were less stable
-If even one block comes loose, the whole thing could collapse
-Using concrete, windows could be placed anywhere, it was structurally sound, and fireproof

Question 7

What was the Pantheon in Rome constructed for?

Answer 7

Religious worship

Question 8

Whose reign was the Pantheon constructed?

Answer 8

Emperor Hadrian

Question 9

What gods was the Pantheon dedicated to?

Answer 9

Five planetary gods: Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, and Venus
But it was meant as a temple for all gods: Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Mercury,Neptune, Venus, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, Ceres,Vulcan, and Vesta

Question 10

The Pantheon was based on what concept

Answer 10

a Hellenistic concept

Question 11

What is the oculus of the Pantheon?

Answer 11

circular opening that is 27 feet in diameter and is the only light source

Question 12

What are coffers in the Pantheon?

Answer 12

the square sunken decorative panels on the dome which also lessens the domes weight

Question 13

What is the colonnaded entry of the Pantheon?

Answer 13

The colonnaded(s) is a straight row of columns that support the roof. It is the narrow entry that leads to the open-space of the court

Question 14

Porticoes of the Pantheon

Answer 14

It is the porch, leading to the entrance of the Pantheon. The porticoes hide the temple’s circular drum from view. There is a roof structure over the walkway that is supported by columns.

Question 15

What is a rotunda?

Answer 15

a building w/circular ground plan and, in the case of the Pantheon, it is covered by a dome

Question 16

What are the seven niches that punctuate the curved walls of the rotunda at ground levels of the Pantheon?

Answer 16

Marked for a specific deity

Question 17

What decorates the interior structure of the surface of the Pantheon’s walls and floor?

Answer 17

Patterns of circles and squares in colored stones

Question 18

Which of the following materials went into the mixture for the bottommost foundation of the Pantheon?

Answer 18

Basalt and travertine stone
-These materials became lighter as the structure rose

Question 19

What does illuminated circle of the oculus symbolize?

Answer 19

The eye of Jupiter

Question 20

What does the perfect spherical shapes of the dome and oculus symbolize?

Answer 20

Eternity and perfection; a reflection of the heavens

Question 21

How does the dome of the Pantheon reflect the heavens that was made to honor?

Answer 21

The coffers were painted deep blue and represented with bronze rosettes (image of the stars against the night sky)

Question 22

How does the emphasis on circular shapes affect the visual experience for the viewer?

Answer 22

There is an absence of vertical lines that connect the floor to the dome so the dome seems as if it is floating

Question 23

How did Emperor Hadrian take advantage of the temple’s connection to the heavens?

Answer 23

Used it as a way to reinforce his own power

Question 24

What did Egyptians believe about death?

Answer 24

That it is only the beginning of the journey to the eternal life into the Kingdom of Osiris (land of the dead). They also believed in material existence in the afterlife.

Question 25

What is mummification?

Answer 25

the embalming and wrapping of the human body for preservation

Question 26

Describe the process of embalming the corpses to prepare them for their sarcophagi (decorated coffins)

Answer 26

Seventy-two day process
1. All internal organs were removed except the heart
2. The body is then packed in dry natron to dehydrate and dissolve the body fats
3. The corpse was washed, treated with oils, and then wrapped in twenty layers of linen. The body was then filled with linen to make it more life-like.

Question 27

Where were the organs that were removed from the body placed?

Answer 27

They were embalmed with and then place in canopic jars

Question 28

What factor caused Egyptian artwork to become more naturalistic?

Answer 28

Roman colonization

Question 29

What did the Egyptians replace the traditional stylized masks with after Roman colonization?

Answer 29

Portraits painted in encaustic

Question 30

What is encaustic?

Answer 30

colored pigments is mixed with wax (typically beeswax) and then it is applied to a material to a smooth surface

Question 31

What is the best region for the encaustic technique?

Answer 31

Fayum (aka Faiyum)

Question 32

When were the encaustic panels for ones coffins painted?

Answer 32

When the person was still alive

Question 33

Describe the encaustic panel of the: Portrait of a Young Woman in Red

Answer 33

-The background was originally gilded with gold, suggesting the illusion of pulsating life
-Long lashes
-And she seems to be staring into the future representing Egyptian’s belief in eternal life

Question 34

How is Mummy with an Inserted Panel Portrait of a Youth (selected work) a rare example of a Fayum Portrait?

Answer 34

It is still attached to the mummy case

Question 35

Where is the Mummy with an Inserted Panel Portrait located now?

Answer 35

The Metropoltan Museum of Art in New York

Question 36

Who does the Mummy with an Inserted Panel Portrait show?

Answer 36

An unnamed young man (indicated by the small moustache)

Question 37

How did the Fayum panel portraits have a double pictorial function?

Answer 37

They were meant to distinguish the dead on their journey to the Kingdom of Osiris and served as mementoes of the departed for the family

Question 38

Steps to create a mummy portrait in encaustic

Answer 38

1. Sketch outlines of face
2. Then quickly apply encaustic for a thinner mixture of the background

Question 39

What origin were painting techniques used in Fayum portraits?

Answer 39

Greco-Roman (many of the subjects were dressed like the Roman and had Greek names but believed in the afterlife)
But using mummies is completely Egyptian

Question 40

What was the first High Gothic building?

Answer 40

Chartres Cathedral

Question 41

Where was the Gothic style developed? Another name for it?

Answer 41

Around Paris, France
Commonly known as opus modernum

Question 42

Which artists coined the term “Gothic?” And in which one of his published works did he include it in?

Answer 42

Giorgio Vasari
1550 “Introduction to the Three Arts of Design”

Question 43

Advantages of Gothic architecture:

Answer 43

• Requires less flying buttressing
• Thinner walls
  -Larger window openings
• Appear taller

Question 44

How did the pointed arches in Gothic empire further support the view that they were “Cities of God”?

Answer 44

They direct the eye upward to make the vaults appear taller. This creates the illusion that they are soaring into the heavens

Question 45

What did Gothic architects develop?

Answer 45

Pointed arches which meant less buttressing was needed

Question 46

On what Gothic architecture was the flying buttresses first used on?

Answer 46

The Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris
This allowed for enormous openings in the structure for windows

Question 47

Who wrote the book that details the technique for making stained glass?

Answer 47

Theophilus Presbyter

Question 48

True or False? Stained glass windows are a Gothic invention

Answer 48

False

Question 49

Composition of stained glass

Answer 49

• Molten mixture of silica (similar to sand)
• Potash (lowered temp. that silica melts)
• Lime (a stabilizer)
• Metal oxides (to stain the glass)

Question 50

Steps for production of stained glass

Answer 50

1. The master designer drew the composition of a window on a wooden panel
2. Flat sheets of different colored glass were provided to glassworkers from the glassblowers
   3a. The glaziers (glassworkers) would then cut the windowpanes into the correct size and shape using iron shears
   3b. Glaziers produced more colors by fusing different colored glasses together (flashing)
3. Details are traced in enamel from the master design
4. The glass is heated to fuse the enamel to the surface of the glass
5. Glaziers “leaded” the various fragments of glass with metal strips of lead and a web of iron