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AcaDec 2023_24 > Science Section 3 > Flashcards

Science Section 3 Flashcards

1
Q

When do you become aware of external stimulus

A

Only when the stimulus make its way up to the cerebral cortex that you become aware

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2
Q

What is phototransduction

A

when a receptor is activated by its preferred stimulus, the receptor is cell is depolarized leading to an action potential and or transmitter release

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3
Q

What cells transmit information out of the eye via action potentials potentials via their long axons

A

Retinal Ganglion Cells

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4
Q

Where is the blind spot in the eye

A

The point of where all these axons come together to exit out of the eye

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5
Q

What is the center of retina?

A

The center of the retina is called the fovea

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6
Q

What does the pupil do?

A

It the part of the eye that can dilate and contract to let light in

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7
Q

What functions do the pigmented epithelial cell have?

A

It has many functions as absorbing excess light, so it does not scatter and blur the images. and getting rid of the old, broken down segments of the photo receptors cells.

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8
Q

What are the two general photoreceptor cells

A

Rod & cones

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9
Q

How many cones are in cone systems are in a primate

A

There are three cones (Trichromantic) system

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10
Q

What do photoreceptor cells do when depolarized?

A

Release nuerotransmitter glutamate

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11
Q

why is the optic nerve considered a blind spot?

A

There are no photoreceptors there and no light can be transduced from this spot in the retina

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12
Q

Where do all the axons of the retinal ganglion cells come together?

A

The optic nerve

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13
Q

Amacrine cells can…

A

distribute information from one bipolar cell to many ganglion cells

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14
Q

Horizontal cells…

A

form connections between one central rod or cone to many other more distant photoreceptors and between several bipolar cells

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15
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

refers to the capacity of excited neurons to reduce the activity of their neighbors, happens when a photoreceptor depolarizes a horizontal cell and the horizontal cell acts to inhibit the more distant bipolar cells

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16
Q

center-surround receptive fields

A

When neurons in the retina become stimulated, the neurons can choose to sharpen edges and enhance contrast in the images, creating clarity in the image

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17
Q

purpose of center-surround receptive fields

A

sharpen edges and enhance contrast in the images by amplifying the edges and borders

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18
Q

retinal edges in the fovea are very…

A

small, the horizontal cell connects fewer retinal ganglion cells to a single photoreceptor allowing highly acute vision

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19
Q

receptive fields in the peripheral parts f the retina are..

A

large and reduce less sharp vision

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20
Q

Once light has been transduced and processed the retinal ganglion cells…

A

transmit that information out the eye via action potentials down their long axons

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21
Q

retinofugal pathway

A

lating for feeling, the axons of the retinal ganglion exit at the back of the eye making up the optic nerve, and go all the ay back to the thalamus and then to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex

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22
Q

Optic chasim

A

the point where axons from both eyes come together as the cross targeting the thalamus on the opposite side of the head, named after the Greek letter “chi” which looks like an “X”

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23
Q

optic tract

A

the bundles of axons after reaching the optic chiasm, used to distinguish from the optic nerve

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24
Q

Left vs Right

A

Information about the left side of the world reaches the right side of the brain and vise versa

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25
Q

Binocular Vision

A

the central portion of the visual field seen by both eyes is represented by both sides of the brain, gives depth perception by the comparison of the difference in appearance seen by the right and left eye and calculating depth based off the different

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26
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

is a cluster of cell bodies in the thalamus (grey matter), specialized for processing visual input

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27
Q

LGN input layers

A

determine that the two eyes are not mixed; instead, the information is kept in distinct layers

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28
Q

Damage to the Ventral Extrastriate can cause…

A

Difficulty recognizing visual objects

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29
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

Face blindness where the patient can’t recognize people by their face

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30
Q

What two parts make up the Inner Ear?

A

The Cochlea and Semicircular Canals

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31
Q

Where is the Primary Auditory Cortex located?

A

Within the Insular Cortex

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32
Q

What part of the brainstem calculates where a sound comes from?

A

The Nuclei of the Brainstem

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33
Q

Organ of Corti

A

where auditory transduction takes place

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34
Q

Hair Cells have an unusually low internal concentration of ______

A

Potassium

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35
Q

What is the auditory part of the thalamus called?

A

Medial Genniculate Nucleus (MGN)

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36
Q

A1

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

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37
Q

What is our oldest type of sense?

A

Chemical senses

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38
Q

What are the 5 types of taste?

A

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami

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39
Q

What is the meaning of umami?

A

“deliciousness”

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40
Q

Who identified the taste of umami?

A

Japanese scientist Kikunae Idea in 1908

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41
Q

Umami is a major flavor of what food that is common in Japanese cooking?

A

Seaweed

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42
Q

The taste of umami is described as? And our sensory experience of chemical stimuli is based on what amino acid?

A

Its taste can be described as savory and is based on the amino acid L-glutamate

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43
Q

Sweet taste indicates the presence of?

A

Sugar and a food dense in calories

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44
Q

Sour foods indicate?

A

vitamins and minerals

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45
Q

Bitter tastes can warn us away from?

A

toxins

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46
Q

Salty foods are necessary for?

A

maintaining homeostasis

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47
Q

What are the bumps on your tongue called?

A

papillae

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48
Q

What is your organ of taste?

A

tastebuds

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49
Q

Where are tastebuds located in your tongue?

A

They can be found near/among the papillae and are in clusters of taste cells

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50
Q

What are tastebuds?

A

Barrel-shaped structures that consist of many sensory cells in clusters

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51
Q

What is a tastant?

A

a chemical particle in food that can be transduced by taste neurons

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52
Q

True or False? Each taste cell functions for multiple types of taste.

A

False. Each of the taste cell has one general type of taste receptor that is specific to one of the 5 basic tastes (i.e. the cell can be bitter or sweet but not both

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53
Q

True or False? Taste (gustatory) cell do not fire action potentials

A

True. They do not have to travel far until they reach the neuron which will then fire action potentials to send the signal to the brain. See Figure 53

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54
Q

Why do out taste cells become less responsive to continuous stimulus?

A

Because of sensory adaptation

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55
Q

dorsal column medial lemniscal (DCML) system

A

How touch and proprioception signals get sent from the tissues to the brain

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56
Q

Where is all somatosensation processed?

A

Primary Somatasensory Cortex

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57
Q

How does Pain and Temperature information get sent to the brain?

A

Anterolateral Spinothalamic System

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58
Q

M1

A

Primary Motor Cortex

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59
Q

Map or representation of the human body in the brain

A

Sensory Homunculus (From the latin Little Man)

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60
Q

What cells Synapse directly onto the muscles, causing involuntary movement?

A

Lower Motor Neurons

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61
Q

What is the most famous type of motor reflex?

A

Myotatic Reflex (Knee Jerk Response)

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62
Q

What functions are associated with the primary motor cortex (M1) and its related cortical areas?

A

Voluntary motion, planned sequences of action, and relaying commands to neurons to execute these functions

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63
Q

Where does the Corticospinal tract run from?

A

From Cerebral Cortex to the spine, beginning in the Primary Motor Cortex

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64
Q

Cerebellar deep nuclei

A

Provide output for the structure and the cerebellar cortex

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65
Q

is the circuitry system involved in learning

A

Yes, we learn through repetition in which our brain and body to ongoing motor command

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66
Q

What does the circulitry system do as organisms, interact with their environment

A

The sensory systems brings information of the world into the brain and motor system and the central nervous system brings behavioral commands out of the brain

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67
Q

how does the sensory system transduce environmental signals

A

It does this by the language of neurons, namely, action potentials and chemical neurotransmitters

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68
Q

Where does the visual system begin?

A

It begins in the photoreceptors of the retina, transducing light into an electrochemical signal

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69
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

It is the part of the brain not fully understood in the learning of the new motor task and skills

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70
Q

What does the Fastigial nucleus do ?

A

The Fastigial Nucleus receives input from sections of the cerebellar cortex and process vestibular, somatosensory auditory information, and visual information

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71
Q

What do indirect pathways do ?

A

Indirect pathways inhibit excess movement occurring that is not wanted.

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72
Q

Where does the Vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

It originates in the vestibular organs of the inner ear( such as semicircular canals) that provide information about the direction of gravity, spin and other forces on the body and head

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73
Q

Describe the transduction of salt tastants

A

1). Salt tastants enter the receptor cell through ion channels that are always open 2). This depolarizes the cell which causes voltage gated calcium channels to open 3). The opening causes an influx of calcium ions to enter the cell which then causes the release of serotonin filled vesicles

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74
Q

Describe the transduction of sour tastants

A

1). As the tastants are made of hydrogen ions, they enter the cell through open hydrogen channels 2). The influx of hydrogen and since the hydrogen ions inhibit potassium leak channels (which cause the membrane potential to become more neg. as a result of potassium leaving the cell) depolarizes the cell 3). Similarly salt, the depolarization causes the voltage gated calcium channels to open for in influx of calcium into the cell which in turn causes serotonin filled vesicles to be released into the synapse

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75
Q

How does the transduction of sour tastants differ from that of the salt tastants?

A

The hydrogen in the sour tastants inhibit potassium leak channels. This prevents potassium from leaving the cell and, therefore, helps depolarizes the receptor cell

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76
Q

The hydrogen in the sour tastants inhibit potassium leak channels. This prevents potassium from leaving the cell and, therefore, helps depolarizes the receptor cell

A

No, they bind to GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors, aka metabotropic receptors) and those are not ion channels

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77
Q

Describe the transduction of umami (like L-glutamate) and bitter tastants

A

1). The tastants activates GPCRs that are embedded in the membrane of the cell 2). Thus, activating the PLC pathway which causes the production IP3 (second messenger) from phospholipase C (PLC– effector protein 3). IP3 then goes to cause an influx of calcium into the cell by binding to receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum 4). This depolarizes the cell which causes the release of serotonin-filled vesicles but it also causes the voltage-gated calcium channels to open which will cause the release of serotonin-filled vesicles across the synapse

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78
Q

Describe the transduction of naturally occurring sweet tastants (such as saccharides)

A

The taste cell is depolarized by the activation of the GPCRs which causes PLC to be activated which in turn splits into IP3 and DAG. Then, DAG activates PKA (second messenger) which will then close nearby potassium channels (keeping the membrane potential more positive).

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79
Q

In what foods are saccharides (like sucrose) found?

A

Fruit and carbohydrates

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80
Q

Transduction of artificial sweeteners (like saccharine)

A

They activate different G-proteins which will then activate PLC to produce IP3 (similar to the umami and bitter pathways)

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81
Q

What are the cranial nerves?

A

bundles of axons that connect the brain to the face and head

82
Q

Do the regions in the head and face use the spinal cord to transmit signals to the brain?

A

No. Signals are transmitted to the brain by the cranial nerves

83
Q

What are the three major cranial nerves?

A

Facial nerve (7), glossopharyngeal verbe (9), and the vagus nerve (10)

84
Q

Where do the 7, 9, & 10 cranial nerves meet together?

A

They enter the brainstem together and target the gustatory nucleus in the medulla. Afterwards the axons project into the thalamus and then to the primary gustatory cortex

85
Q

What is the primary gustatory cortex?

A

area in the insula cortex that is responsible for taste and flavor perception

86
Q

Where can the primary gustatory cortex be found?

A

deep in the fissure between the temporal and parietal lobes, near the auditory cortex

87
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium?

A

clusters of cells that line the top and back of the naval cavity that form specialized tissue and it is where olfactory receptors are found

88
Q

What is the olfactory epithelium composed of?

A

Basal cells and support cells that provide structure. There are also olfactory [small] receptor neurons located there

89
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons have specialized ____________ where airborne particles can bind to be transduced into a series of action potentials.

A

dendrites

90
Q

How many olfactory neurons do human have?

A

12 million

91
Q

What are odorants?

A

chemical particles in the air that cam be transduced

92
Q

How are smell receptors able to detect smell?

A

They have dendrites that extend into the sensory epithelium with many hair like cilia that extend outwards and are covered with receptors for odorants to bind

93
Q

Mucus layer that covers the olfactory epithelium

A

odorants, when inhaled into the sinus cavity, dissolve in the mucus layer that covers the olfactory epithelium. This breaks down the odorants into components that can be transduced.

94
Q

What is the largest known gene family?

A

those that encode for odorant receptors

95
Q

Are olfactory sensory neurons specialized to only detect specific odorants?

A

Yes, each type of neurons only have one type of of receptor on it cilia. This also means that bipolar cells are specialized.

96
Q

What G-protein-coupled signaling system is used for smell transduction?

A

G^olf (G protein for Olfaction)

97
Q

Smell signaling cascade process

A

1). the activated G protein sub unit begins by stimulating adenylyl cyclase (an effector protein) that produces cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) from pre-existing ATP inside the cell. 2). cAMP then binds to special cAMP ligand bound ion channels open which allows sodium and calcium to flow into the cell and, therefore, causes calcium voltage gated chloride channels to open, letting chloride out of the cell 3). All of this combined depolarizes the cell and causes it to fire an action potential that travels down the axon to the olfactory bulb

98
Q

What is the olfactory bulb?

A

the extension of the brain underneath the frontal lobe that contains many nerves used for smelling

99
Q

What is the cribriform plate?

A

odorants, when inhaled into the sinus cavity, dissolve in the mucus layer that covers the olfactory epithelium. This breaks down the odorants into components that can be transduced.

100
Q

Why are axons of olfactory receptors so fragile? And what happens when they are damaged?

A

They are so fragile because they are not one big sturdy nerve as they must first break apart to pass through the cribriform plate. If they damaged by a sheering action of the skull or car accident, it may lead to permanent lost of smell

101
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

the clusters of nerve endings in the olfactory bulb where olfactory receptor neuron terminals meet the next neuron in the olfactory system

102
Q

How many glomeruli are located in the olfactory bulbs?

A

Two-thousand

103
Q

What is the purpose of the glomeruli?

A

It is where axons of many specialized receptor neurons converge onto a single glomerulus this keeps info. for that odor in a specific location in the olfactory bulb.

104
Q

Besides the temporal lobe, where else is information sent in the brain?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

105
Q

What is population coding?

A

a method of representing stimuli by using the coordinated activities of a number of neurons working together (that respond to a little bit of many different kinds of odorants- such as a secondary taste cell that is part of the same axon that carries multiple taste senses) are used to identify and encode particular stimuli

106
Q

How are we able to encode over a trillion possible smells?

A

As some neurons fire at a different intensity to the same stimulus, the same population of neurons can encode different smells

107
Q

What are the dorsal columns of the DCML system?

A

Bands of myelinated axons (white matter)

108
Q

What language/word does medial leminscus originate from?

A

The Greek word meaning “ribbon”

109
Q

What is the pathway the medial lemniscus of DCML system is named?

A

the name for the pathway that passes through the brainstem on the way to the thalamus

110
Q

Where do sensory axons enter the spinal cord?

A

through the dorsal root to join the white matter at the dorsal (top) part of the spinal cord

111
Q

Where does information from the lower body travel in the DCML system? And where does it synapse in the spinal cord?

A

It travels in the middle of the dorsal column medial leminscus system and synapses at the bottom of the brainstem at the bottom of the brainstem in the gracile nucleus of the medulla

112
Q

Where does information from the upper body travel in the DCML system? And where does it synapse in the spinal cord?

A

Information travels more to the side of the bundle (laterally) and synapses in the cuneate nucleus of the medulla (which is next to the gracile nucleus)

113
Q

When does the information coming from the upper and lower body that is separated when in the spinal cord, become integrated?

A

At the brainstem (the first synapse and second neuron of the pathway). This means that the first neuron of the pathway can extend from your fingertip to your brainstem where it synapses onto the next neuron in the brainstem.

114
Q

Where does information from the right side of the body cross to the left side? (and vice versa)

A

In the brainstem

115
Q

Where is the final neuron of the pathway located?

A

In the ventral posterior later (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus

116
Q

What is another name for the anterolateral spinothalamic system?

A

Spinothalamic tract (b/c information travels from the spinal cord to the thalamus

117
Q

What type of sensory information travels up the anterolateral spinothalamic system?

A

Pain and temperature

118
Q

Describe the process of pain and temp. information traveling up the spinal cord via the anterolateral spinothalamic system?

A

1). The sensory axons enter through the dorsal root 2). Then immediately synapse on to the second neuron in the pathway (grey matter or cell bodies) where information from one side of the body immediately crosses to the other side 3). Synapses onto the VPL nucleus of the thalamus 4). The third neuron from the thalamus travels to the primary somatosensory cortex with its soma still located in the thalamus

119
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

Front of the parietal lobe

120
Q

What is the somatotopic map?

A

Since the neurons in the DCML and anterolateral spinothalamic pathways and in the somatosensory cortex are arranged topographically so that parts of the human body are represented (not proportionally) and opposite sides of the body are represented

121
Q

What parts of the body are overrepresented in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1)?

A

parts with highest density of mechanoreceptors (such as fingers, hands, lips, and tongue)

122
Q

Where does involuntary movement and reflexes begin?

A

a sensory stimulus from the brainstem and spinal cord

123
Q

Where does voluntary movement begin?

A

in the brain and perfectly planned out before it happens

124
Q

Lower motor neurons release what as their neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

125
Q

What is the space between the terminal of lower motor neurons and muscle?

A

Neuromuscular junction

126
Q

Describe the process of movement from the muscles

A

1). Lower motor neurons release ACh to the receptors in the muscles cells 2). Which causes the muscle cells to depolarize 3). Voltage-gated calcium channels open which allows calcium to flow into the cell 4). This causes the filaments inside the myofibrils to slide past each other which shortens the myofibrils 5). Resulting in the entire muscle cell contracting to shorten which moves the limb

127
Q

In the absence of what neurotransmitter causes muscles to relax?

A

ACh

128
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

neurons with cell bodies in the motor regions of the brain that carry motor commands down the spinal cord to synapse on the lower motor neurons

129
Q

Where are cell bodies of lower motor neurons?

A

in the spinal cord or brainstem (portion for the face and neck) with axons extending out into the vertebrae forming the ventral spinal root (bottom)

130
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

stretch receptors buried in skeletal muscle that detect the length of a muscle and report this to the brain for proprioception, or body position perception

131
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

long fibers of protein filaments that make up a muscle

132
Q

What is an important function of the motor and premotor cortex?

A

mapping out which muscles and limbs need to be given a motor command in order to complete a certain movement

133
Q

What is the premotor cortex?

A

an area of the cerebral cortex found in the back of the frontal lobe where motor commands are planned out before they are executed

134
Q

What pathways for voluntary movement are considered the lateral motor system?

A

Corticospinal and rubrospinal tract (the corticobulbar system is often included as well)

135
Q

What is the corticobulbar system?

A

controls brainstem nuclei their innervate cranial muscles to control voluntary movement of facial muscles (does not run through the spinal cord)

136
Q

Describe the pathway of the corticospinal tract

A

1). Beginning in the primary motor cortex, the axons descend through the white matter (lateral side) of the brain and brain stem forming triangular bumps on the underside of both medulla 2). At the bottom of the medulla, the pathway decusses to the other side of the spinal cord (from the right to left) where they synapse on lower motor neurons in central grey matter of the spinal cord

137
Q

What pathway are the longest neurons in the body found?

A

the corticobulbar system

138
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract of the lateral motor system?

A

this pathway begins in the red nucleus (small region) in the midbrain of the brainstem and crosses sides in the midbrain

139
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract in humans?

A

it is responsible for the control of muscle tone

140
Q

What is the name of the place where a stimulus can be detected by a sensory receptor?

A

The receptive field

141
Q

True or false. You’re aware of a stimuli before it reaches your cerebral cortex.

A

FALSE

142
Q

When does myopia occur?

A

Myopia occurs when the distance between the cornea and the retina is too long, causing nearsightedness as the image focus falls in front of the retina.

143
Q

What is the choroid’s job?

A

The choroid brings oxygen and nutrients to the photoreceptor cells.

144
Q

Why are Rods (type of photoreceptor) ideal for nighttime vision?

A

Rods are ideal for nighttime vision because they tend to have more discs, making them more sensitive to low levels of light.

145
Q

What type of wave is usually perceive as blue?

A

Cones absorb short waves of light and perceive them as blue.

146
Q

What happens when light is absorb by the opsin?

A

When light is absorb by the opsin causes a conformational change in the molecule found inside, which alters the molecule’s shape, which activates the opsin.

147
Q

How can someone with face blindness recognize someone?

A

By their clothes, jewelry, audio cues, tattoos

148
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

stimulus features doing sensory transduction are kept in separate “information channels”

149
Q

What are Ossicles?

A

three include malleus, incus, stapes which increase pressure so soundwaves can be processed

150
Q

What does the tectorial membrane do?

A

it is rigid which causes a shearing action which is the mechanism from auditory transduction

151
Q

What are the five tastes of the human body?

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and UMAMI

152
Q

To which people is UMAMI unfamiliar and why

A

Americans, because it is usually found in Japanese cooking

153
Q

how is a taste created

A

through the depolarization of a sweet cell through either a natural TASTANT (taste a particle of food that binds to taste receptors) or through some other mechanism.

154
Q

The MGN is made up of _____

A

sub-regions

155
Q

What does the MGN influence

A

the direction and maintenance of direction

156
Q

where does sound enter the auditory neural pathway

A

the cochlear nerve and cochlear nuclei

157
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract

A

it is a smaller component of the lateral motor system that in a human carries a good percentage of voluntary movement

158
Q

where does the vestibulospinal tract originate

A

in the vestibular organs of the inner ear

159
Q

where does the tectospinal tract originate?

A

the roof or tectum of the midbrain section of the brainstem where visual input is mixed with auditory and somatosensory inputs

160
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract arise from

A

recticular formation found in the pons segment of the brainstem

161
Q

what does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

targets the torso and legs, extends the muscles there to combat gravity and hold yourself up

162
Q

what does the tectospinal tract do?

A

forms your cohesive map of the world, is how you known where things are

163
Q

what is the basal ganglia

A

the willingness to initiate movement from a still state

164
Q

what does damage to the basal ganglia cause?

A

leads to motor impairments such as shuffling gait when walking which is just too little movement when walking

165
Q

How many neurons does the Cerebellum contain?

A

more than half the brains neurons

166
Q

what is the output for the structure of the Cerebellum?

A

the cellular deep nuclei

167
Q

cervical spinal cord (Anterolateral Spinothalamic Pathway)

A

Pain and temperature information from upper body

168
Q

Lumbar spinal cord (Anterolateral Spinothalamic Pathway)

A

Pain and temperature information from the lower body

169
Q

Cervical Spinal Cord (DCML Pathway)

A

Mechanosensory receptors from the upper body

170
Q

Lumbar Spinal Cord (DCML Pathway)

A

Mechanosensory receptors from the lower body

171
Q

information from the upper and lower body is kept together or separate within the spinal cord?

A

separate

172
Q

in the anterolateral spinothalamic system sensory axons enter the dorsal root and immediately synapse in the grey or white matter withing the spinal cord?

A

Grey matter

173
Q

anterolateral comes from…

A

the word anterior, meaning front or before

174
Q

Information in the anterolateral spinothalamic system run all together or separate?

A

All together in the same bundle of axons

175
Q

The absence of acetylcholine from the lower motor neurons work to…

A

lengthen the muscle and/or relax that part of the body

176
Q

motor planning

A

mapping out which muscles and limbs need to be given a motor command

177
Q

neurons in a motor area are highly active before or during movement

A

these neurons are highly active before any movement is initiated and can be used to predict behavior before it occurs

178
Q

3 ventromedial tracts

A

vestibulospinal tract, reticulospinal tract, tectospinal tract

179
Q

Ventromedial Pathways

A

The motor pathways found in the center bottom of the spinal cord direct torso and trunk muscles and are responsible for posture and balance.

180
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin in mammals and serve as a thin barrier to water and pathogens.

181
Q

What type of mechanoreceptors feature a slow adapting property?

A

Ruffini ending and Merkel disk.

182
Q

What is glabrous skin?

A

Hairless skin like the one found on your hands, fingers, lips, and the soles of your feet.

183
Q

What does it mean that mechanoreceptors are sensitive to mechanical input?

A

It means that when their nerve endings are pushed, poked, or physically deformed, channels are pulled open to allow ions to flow in, triggering an action potential.

184
Q

How are the thirty spinal segments divided?

A

They are divided into four major groups: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. This segmented organization of the spinal cord matches
the segmented organization of the skin from which the signals are carried.

185
Q

What is dermatome?

A

All the skin that is innervated by one level or segment of the spinal cord.

186
Q

what dose the latin word fugit mean?

A

fleeing

187
Q

true or false? the retinofugal Pathway delivers to multipe areas of the brain stem

A

True

188
Q

after the bundle of nerves cross they are part of __________.

A

optic trac

189
Q

true or false are there general cells for detecting fine detail and color?

A

False they are specialized cells

190
Q

what direction is the image facing when it enters the human eye?

A

upside down and backwards

191
Q

free nerve intercept what type of info? (skin receptors)

A

pain

192
Q

merkel disk endings intercept what type of info?

A

Perception of shape, texture

193
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle endings intercept what type of info?

A

motion detection, grip control

194
Q

Ruffini endings intercept what type of info?

A

Skin stretch, tangential force

195
Q

Pacinian corpuscle endings intercept what type of info?

A

Perception of vibrations

196
Q

the Cervical is in charge of ________ are of the body.

A

arms and collar bone area

197
Q

the theoracic is in charge of ________ are of the body.

A

the torso and inner arms

198
Q

the lumbar is in charge of ________ are of the body.

A

legs and feet

199
Q

the Sacaral is in charge of ________ are of the body.

A

crotch and outer area of feet

200
Q

what is nociception?

A

which is the neural processing of injurious stimuli in response to tissue damage.

AcaDec 2023_24 (25 decks)

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