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AcaDec 2023_24 > Art Section 5 > Flashcards

Art Section 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What material did Nicéphore Niépce initially use for his experiments?

A

light sensitive paper

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2
Q

Which chemical solution did Niépce use for his initial experimentation?

A

silver chloride

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3
Q

A term that refers to the reversal of tones in an image

A

negative
dark becomes light and light becomes dark

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4
Q

What motivated Niépce to attempt to copy engravings using sunlight?

A

growing demand for affordable pictures

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5
Q

In an attempt to copy engravings using sunlight, Niépce coated the pewter plate with

A

bitumen of Judea

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6
Q

What happened to the areas beneath the dark parts of the engraving after exposure to light?

A

they remained soft on the pewter plate

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7
Q

How did Niépce remove the loosened areas of the pewter plate?

A

rinsing it in lavender oil

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8
Q

How did Niépce enhance the contrasts in the plate-printed image?

A

exposing the plate to iodine fumes

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9
Q

How long did Niépce’s plate remain exposed in the portable camera obscura?

A

8 hours

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10
Q

What is the significance of the View from the Window at Le Gras photograph?

A

it’s the oldest surviving permanent photograph

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11
Q

What is the name given to a photograph produced without a separate negative?

A

direct positive

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12
Q

What does the photograph taken by Niépce depict? (the oldest photo)

A

upper story of his residence, which functioned as a pigeon house

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13
Q

What appears to be shining on the roof and ends of the buildings in Niépce’s surviving permanent photograph?

A

sunlight

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14
Q

What inventors collaborated with Louis Daguerre to create the daguerreotype?

A

Nicèphore Nièpce

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15
Q

What types of images does not become visible to the naked eye until further treatment?

A

latent image - an image that is invisible to the naked eye until further treatment with mercury fumes

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16
Q

To make a daguerreotype, a copper sheet is plated with

A

silver

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17
Q

Louis Daguerre imagined the daguerreotype would become a tool for

A

the wealthy

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18
Q

What inventor brought the daguerreotype to the United States?

A

Samuel Morse

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19
Q

How did daguerreotypes compare to later photographic processes

A

Their tones and shades were more accurate
- they are not light-sensitive and do not fade

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20
Q

A detail does NOT appear in the daguerreotype of Frederick Douglass?

A

the “thinker” pose
- he does wear a stiff collar, cravat, black coat, his eyebrows are bunched in concentration

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21
Q

Frederick Douglass praised the daguerreotype for its

A

objectivity
- show truth even if the photographer is biased

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22
Q

Frederick Douglass felt that white artists of the nineteenth century tended to

A

exaggerate qualities they associated with African Americans

23
Q

Who sat for the most photographs during the 19th century?

A

Frederick Douglass

24
Q

Portraits of Frederick Douglass are BEST described as

A

plain and serious
- he refused to smile
- did not want to play into the “happy slave” stereotype

25
Q

What photographer photographed enslaved African Americans for Louis Agassiz?

A

J.T. Zealy

26
Q

Louis Agassiz was a

A

Harvard University Zoology professor

27
Q

The theory of polygenesis helped justify

A

slavery
- along with racism and white supremacy

28
Q

Polygenesis claimed

A

African Americans were the offspring of an inferior creation, not Adam and Eve

29
Q

The wet-plate photograph differed from the daguerreotype because it could

A

make multiple copies of an image

30
Q

What organizations funded Abbott’s project documenting New York City?

A

Federal Art Project
- done under the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935

31
Q

In what book was Abbott’s New York City photographs published?

A

Changing New York
- published in 1939

32
Q

What artistic technique did Abbott use in her photograph of Penn Station’s interior?

A

worm’s eye view perspective
- tilting the angle of the camera upward to glorify the soaring glass-and-iron ceiling
- used a long exposure time

33
Q

With which architectural style is Pennsylvania Station associated

A

Beaux-Arts
- recalls classical traditions, known for magnificence and architectural significance

34
Q

Penn Station is known for what quality

A

magnificence

35
Q

How big was Penn Station

A

Occupied 8 acres or equivalent to two city blocks

36
Q

Who designed Penn Station?

A

McKim, Mead, and White

37
Q

Penn Station was demolished because

A

Commuter demand fell

38
Q

What directly resulted from the controversy surrounding Penn Station’s demolition

A

architectural preservation movement

39
Q

What organization was created in response to Penn Station’s demolition?

A

New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission

39
Q

What is the main focus of Berenice Abbott’s photographs?

A

industrial progress and modern design
- looking at the transformation of New York city’s landscape in the early 20th century

40
Q

What is the significance of Abbott’s photographs of Penn Station?

A

They serve as a visual archive of the demolished structure

41
Q

How did Abbott’s work fulfill her ambition?

A

showing us the history of an area through her visual archive

42
Q

What MOST inspired Berenice Abbott’s work as a photographer in New York City?

A

the city’s rapid transformation

43
Q

During which time period did Abbott independently work on documenting New York City without public funding?

A

The Great Depression

44
Q

What was the earliest iteration of the camera obscura?

A

chemical mixture that produced permanent images

45
Q

What materials did Florence use to create an early photograph?

A

light-sensitive paper and chemicals

46
Q

Who developed a technique for using sunlight and light-sensitive paper to make copies of written documents?

A

Antoine Hércules Romuald Florence

47
Q

Who further developed Nicéphore Niépce’s work to create the commercially successful photograph?

A

Louis Daguerre

48
Q

Which government published the instructions for recreating the “daguerrotype”?

A

French

49
Q

What did the daguerreotype offer to Victorian-era society?

A

objectivity in capturing a sitter’s character

50
Q

The Zealy-Agassiz zoological study produced images of

A

diverse people

51
Q

What replaced the daguerreotype in the 1860s?

A

wet-plate process

52
Q

What art movement celebrated the new American landscape in symmetrical, aestheticized paintings and photographs?

A

Precisionism

53
Q

What was used to mute and soften the light in the photograph of Penn Station?

A

long exposure time

AcaDec 2023_24 (25 decks)

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