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AcaDec 2023_24 > Social Science Section 4 > Flashcards

Social Science Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What gave way to internet

A

ARPANET

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2
Q

what is the name of the operating system designed to facilitate writing and running programs in the LISP programming language.

A

LISP machine

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3
Q

What traditionally provided funding for AI labs

A

The US Government

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4
Q

What caused AI labs to need to look for commercial sponsorship funding

A

The end of the Vietnam War

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5
Q

What happened at AI labs that went against Stallman’s Code of Ethics

A

Enhancements to the LISP machine were proprietary, they could not be shared with other members in the lab

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6
Q

Stallman believed in “Free” software in what context

A

Free not in price but in freedom

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7
Q

What did Stallman set out to create after leaving the work on the LISP machine

A

“GNU’s Not Unix”

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8
Q

How did Stallman ensure GNU would remain free

A

enlisted the help of a lawyer and drafted a new software license, called the GNU General Public License, or GPL.

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9
Q

To create his new OS which other OS did Torvalds base it on

A

Minix, a Unix-like operating system developed by Andrew Tanenbaum.

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10
Q

Jerry ___ and David ____ founded Yahoo

A

Yang, Filo

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11
Q

9/11 and the 2001 elections are often blamed for

A

The Dot Com Crash

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12
Q

This programing language was originally called Oak

A

Java

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13
Q

Steve Jobs founded what company after being fired from Apple?

A

NeXT

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14
Q

Who proposed a new programing language named oak, later renamed JAVA

A

James Gosling

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15
Q

What time did apple release the imac?

A

1998

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16
Q

What does imac stand for

A

Internet Macintosh

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17
Q

What department sued microsoft for its anti-competitive tactics

A

US Department of Justice

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18
Q

What was the first successful mobile portable computer

A

The Osborne 1

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19
Q

What does the term GPS stand for

A

Global Positioning System

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20
Q

What is a web blog

A

A type of website that allowed users to post content easily without managing a server or knowing HTML

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21
Q

What was netscapes business model?

A

It was to giveaway a free browser to individual users, but charge large corporations a license fee for the browser and their server software

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22
Q

Who founded YAHHO

A

Jerry Yang and David Filo

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23
Q

When was Yahoo founded

A

1993

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24
Q

who can make webpages on the worldwide web

A

anyone with access to a own webpages

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25
Q

who determined that if a page had inbound links then it must contain relevant information

A

Larry Page and Sergey Brin

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26
Q

Who created Google

A

Larry Page and Sergey Brin

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27
Q

What happened to most of the dotcom websites

A

They ended up collapsing

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28
Q

Which companies were successful after the dotcom bubble

A

Facebook

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29
Q

What is JAVA’s original name?

A

OAK

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30
Q

What did the first web pages contain?

A

static images and images and text

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31
Q

What was the NeXT program based off of?

A

BSD Unit

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32
Q

What is iMac?

A

internet Macintosh

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33
Q

How would one create a web page?

A

1). Craft an HTML-file by writing the code manually or using a GUI-based authoring tool 2). Post it to a web server

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34
Q

How would one view a web page?

A

by using a web browser

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35
Q

The ____________ was one of the earliest examples that showed the line between content consumption and content creation was beginning to blur

A

web blog (allowed the user to view content and post it without managing a server or knowing HTML)

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36
Q

Who invented Wikipedia?

A

Ward Cunningham in 1995

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37
Q

Wikipedia is most similar to a ______

A

blog post as they are both easy to read/edit

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38
Q

What is crowdsourcing?

A

spreading the workload across a widely distributed audience

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39
Q

How is Wikipedia an example of crowdsourcing?

A

because anyone from anywhere can edit the text if errors are spotted to correct them

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40
Q

The term “wiki” is derived from the Hawaiian word wikiwiki which means what?

A

“quick”

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41
Q

What is Web 2.0?

A

term to describe a more interactive site that encourages reading and publishing

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42
Q

Examples of Web 2.0 include?

A

Wikipedia, blog posts, social media, Friendster, & MySpace

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43
Q

What were the first two social networking services that gained prominence and were launched in 2003?

A

Friendster and MySpace

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44
Q

What do all social networking services have in common?

A

the ability for users to create a profile that could be linked to friends and others

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45
Q

Problems with social networking services from the beginning of its creation to modern day

A

lack of authentication; no way to stop anyone from creating fake profiles

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46
Q

Who created Facebook?

A

Mark Zuckerburg

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47
Q

What were Mark Zuckerburg’s two social websites at Harvard before Facebook?

A

Course Match (to compare course schedules) and Facemash (rating people based on physical attractiveness)

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48
Q

After taking what class did Zuckerburg decide to create Facebook?

A

graph theory

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49
Q

What did Zuckerburg base the electronic version of Facebook on?

A

the “face book” which was a printed student directory published by Harvard

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50
Q

What Facebook originally called?

A

thefacebook.com

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51
Q

True or False? Thefacebook was open for public use as it was a general-purpose social network.

A

False. Despite being a general purpose social network, Zuckerburg originally had restricted access to the site to only those with an @harvard.edu email address

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52
Q

Why did Zuckerburg originally limit the access to Thefacebook to those at Harvard?

A

to decrease the chances of users creating fake profiles

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53
Q

In 2005, after moving to California a year prior, how did Thefacebook name change?

A

there is no longer a “the” so it became facebook.com

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54
Q

How did users react to the New Feed feature regarding Facebook?

A

they felt it violated their privacy as others could automatically see changes made to their profile, however, most kept it on even after Facebook gave them the option to disable it

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55
Q

What is the world’s most widely used social media platform?

A

Facebook

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56
Q

Instagram was first made available as a what before being ported to a web browser as well?

A

smartphone app in 2010

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57
Q

What social media app did Facebook acquire in 2012?

A

Instagram

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58
Q

How is GPS an important component to the smartphone business models?

A

several business models use GPS to be effective and achieve their desired purpose

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59
Q

Examples of GPS and smartphone features in business models

A

OpenTable app– allows users to locate and make reservations at restaurants near them and rideshare apps use the GPS to locate potential drivers nearby

60
Q

Were the first tablets introduced too different from phones?

A

No, they just had larger screens and did not have all the capabilities

61
Q

Where is the term tablet from? (Hint: older product of Windows)

A

the “tablet PC” that supported a stylus and handwriting recognition software

62
Q

How is the Microsoft Surface Pro (a tablet) similar to that of a computer?

A

it has a detachable keyboard

63
Q

Apple programming to create apps for iPhone and iPad device typically use what two programming languages?

A

Objective C or Swift

64
Q

What programming language do Android apps use?

A

Java

65
Q

Why was Java the common programming language for Android apps?

A

because it was already common among other devices/people so it lowered the learning curve needed to create apps for Android

66
Q

What company created Java?

A

Sun Microsystems

67
Q

What company acquired Sun Microsystems in 2009?

A

Oracle

68
Q

Oracle vs. Google

A

Oracle demanded the Google pay billions of dollars in royalty payments to them because of Google’s use of Java on the Android platform; primarily about Google copying the Java API (application programming interface), court ruled in favor of Google

69
Q

What is an API or application programming interface?

A

a set of programming instructions the one makes available to another to facilitate the development of software

70
Q

What is cloud computing?

A

one organization pays for time and storage on another company’s computer– allows other companies to lease time on their computers for a monthly fee

71
Q

What law is one of the many reasons why long-distance timesharing services failed in the early 1970s’?

A

Moore’s Law

72
Q

How did Intel slow down the clock speeds of it processors while increasing its overall performance?

A

through multicore processors– putting two or more processor cores onto a single microchip

73
Q

What is Moore’s Law?

A

an observation, made by Intel founder Gordon Moore, that the number of transistors that
can fit on a processor will double every eighteen months—meaning there will be a steady increase in
computing power over time.

74
Q

How did Moore’s Law prove unreliable in the early 2000s’ ?

A

1). the super tiny transistors began to leak charge thorugh their insulating materials 2). the chips’ high clock speeds consumed more power, generating more heat so it needed much more sophisticated cooling systems

75
Q

Cloud computing is most beneficial to ______ businesses

A

small

76
Q

Netflix now uses what service for its infrastructure after shutting down its own data center

A

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

77
Q

What is virtualization?

A

refers to the ability to run multiple instances of an operating system on a single computer as if they were running on multiple separate computers– can create separate virtual machines for individual users so they each have a dedicated part of the cloud

78
Q

Virtualizations was used in what IBM mainframe computer?

A

IBM/370

79
Q

What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?

A

a form of cloud computing in which users run an app through a web browser
rather than installing it locally on their computer by paying a fee

80
Q

Early form of Software as a Service

A

Salesforce.com

81
Q

What was the first product of Salesforce.com?

A

a “customer relationship management” application that allowed traveling salespeople to keep track of customers/appointments from their laptops to not burden the home office with all the data

82
Q

Examples of Software as a Service (SaaS)

A

Hotmail (Outlook.com), Gmail, Google Docs/Sheets, Microsoft 365, Adobe, Photoshop, and Acrobat

83
Q

What technological companies flourished during COVID-19?

A

Zoom, Amazon, & Netflix

84
Q

Tech companies that suffered during COVID-19

A

ride-sharing services, such as Uber and Lyft

85
Q

What is Blockchain?

A

an online ledger

86
Q

What is a ledger?

A

a book containing a list of financial transactions

87
Q

What is one aspect of Blockchain that makes it different from traditional ledgers?

A

each entry contains a “hash” (sequence of bytes) derived from mathematically from the contents of the previous entry– cannot be deleted or modified allowing for complete transparency

88
Q

What is Bitcoin?

A

a form of digital currency not associated with any government but is associated with Blockchain as it used to track the ownership of bitcoins

89
Q

Who invented Blockchain and Bitcoin?

A

Satoshi Nakamto (most likely a pseudonym)

90
Q

What does NFT stand for?

A

non-fugible (meaning unique in this context) tokens (meaning the digital certificate of ownership)

91
Q

What is blockchain used for regarding NFTs?

A

ownership of any given NFT

92
Q

True or False? NFTs are the same as each other, the same as two one dollar bills

A

False, each NFT is practically a digital artifact that cannot be duplicated

93
Q

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

A

the science and practice of developing algorithms that allow computers to perform
actions that normally require human intelligence today, research in AI has
resulted in self-driving cars and virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa; however, achieving true human-level
intelligence continues to be an elusive goal.

94
Q

What programming language is associated with AI?

A

LISP

95
Q

Who is the founder of the GNU project that worked in the field of AI?

A

Richard Stallman

96
Q

Rodney Brooks developed what?

A

Baxter, a versatile industrial robot

97
Q

What is machine learning (ML)?

A

a branch of artificial intelligence in which the algorithm is fed lots of “training data”
containing inputs and expected outputs; the algorithm then extrapolates the training data to new inputs.

98
Q

Examples of AI using machine learning

A

Siri and Alexa responding to your voice and ChatGPT

99
Q

What did Elon Musk announce in 2021 regarding Tesla?

A

they are working on a line of intelligent robots

100
Q

In a traditional electronic computer how are bits represented?

A

by a 1 or 0 (high or low voltage)

101
Q

In a quantum computing how are bits represented?

A

by the postitions of electrons within an atom

102
Q

What was Mark Zuckerberg studying for his freshman year at Harvard College?

A

Computer science

103
Q

When did Zuckerberg released the electronic face book?

A

2/1/2004

104
Q

When was “News feed” added to Facebook

A

In 2006

105
Q

What did the feature “News Feed” allowed users to do?

A

It allowed user to automatically see recent changes to their friends’ profiles.

106
Q

How did Facebook respond to resistance from some users to the “News Feed”?

A

Facebook responded by granting users the option to disable the News Feed.

107
Q

Why has facebook come under fire?

A

For its role in the spread of misinformation

108
Q

What lawsuit is the Federal Trade Commission pursuing against Facebook?

A

An anti-trust lawsuit

109
Q

What type of unique abilities did social networks wanted from smartphones?

A

Built-in cameras and geolocation features

110
Q

Why did Facebook acquire Instagram in 2012?

A

Because it was very popular

111
Q

What combination led to the creation of business models?

A

A smartphone with a GPS

112
Q

What are some ridesharing apps?

A

Uber and Lyft

113
Q

How do Uber and Lyft make use of the smartphone’s GPS?

A

Uber and Lyft make use of the smartphone’s GPS to locate potential drivers nearby.

114
Q

what decade did Richard Stallman work as a programmer
at the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Lab at MIT

A

1980s

115
Q

Who had provided most of the funding for the AI lab where LISP was created?

A

the US military

116
Q

Who was Richard Stallman in the early 1980s?

A

He was a programmer at the AI lab in MIT

117
Q

What was the name of the machine in the MIT AI lab?

A

LISP

118
Q

What did the LISP machine do?

A

It was an operating system designed to facilitate writing and run programs in the LISP programming language

119
Q

Who provided funding for the LISP machine before the Vietnam war?

A

The US military

120
Q

How did the LISP machine receive funding after the Vietnam War?

A

Commercial sponsorship

121
Q

What changed when Symbololics hired programmers from the AI lab to develop improvements for the LISP machine?

A

The enhancements had to be secret

122
Q

Why did Stallman not like the secrecy of the enhancements?

A

It went against his code of ethics

123
Q

What did “Free” mean in the context of Stallmans code of ethics?

A

Freedom. Not free of charge, but open to use by anyone

124
Q

What did Stallman make his operating system run on?

A

UNIXw

125
Q

What does GNU stand for

A

“GNU’s Not UNIX”

126
Q

Did Richard Stallman have a beard?

A

Yeah, and a pretty groovy one at that.

127
Q

What did Stallman want his operating system to be?

A

Free and open for anyone to use, and widely known.

128
Q

Who developed Minix?

A

Andrew Tanenbaum

129
Q

What was Tanenbaum’s occupation?

A

He was a Computer Science Professor at Vrije University in Amsterdam

130
Q

Who created the Linux Kernel?

A

Linus Torvalds

131
Q

how long did it take to set up predominantly universities?

A

2 years

132
Q

what did the set up of web servers provide?

A

more content

133
Q

how did users predominetly navigate?

A

they used hyperlinks instead of mouses

134
Q

what time frame was Mosaic created?

A

1992-1993

135
Q

who invented Mosaic?

A

Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina,

136
Q

where was Mosiac invented?

A

University of Illinois

137
Q

True or false? Mosaic only ran on one type of computer?

A

False it ran on Windows, Macintosh, and Unix

138
Q

what year was Mosiac a “killer app”?

A

1990s

139
Q

what decade was VisiCalc a “killer app”?

A

1970s

140
Q

what university did Andreesen leave to found Netscape?

A

University of Illinois

141
Q

what new code did Andreesen write after leaving University of Illinois?

A

Netscape

142
Q

what company did Andreesen found?

A

Netscape Communications communications

143
Q

what new browser was released September 1994?

A

Net navigator

144
Q

how many people used netscape at the end of 1994?

A

10,000

145
Q

how many times had Net Navigator been downloaded in 1995?

A

15 million times

AcaDec 2023_24 (25 decks)

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