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AcaDec 2023_24 > Social Science Section 1 > Flashcards

Social Science Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Charles Babbage’s Machine called?

A

The Difference Engine

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2
Q

Who was considered to be the first computer programmer?

A

Ada Lovelace

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3
Q

What is the telegram

A

Messages sent through electrical pulses via railway lines

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4
Q

What was Hilbert’s Entscheidungsproblem?

A

Proposed question of “Is it possible to create an algorithm that will prove any logical statement true or false?”

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5
Q

Which theoretical device has the characteristics of a modern computer?

A

Alan Turing’s “Turing Machine”

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6
Q

What is said to be the mother of invention?

A

Necessity

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7
Q

How did the Industrial Revolution and increase population growth affect works?

A

Out of necessity, they needed to be more efficient and specialized

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8
Q

What book did Adam Smith write in 1776?

A

The Wealth of Nations

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9
Q

How does Smith’s The Wealth of Nations demonstrate that workers needed to be more specialized and efficient?

A

Through his example of manufacturing pins– he compares the slow process of a single craftsman manufacturing compared to many less specialized people working to make the pin so there is less expensive labour

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10
Q

Who inspired Charles Babbage?

A

Gaspard de Pronv

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11
Q

What is the “method of differences”?

A

Developed by Gaspard de Pronv; he broke down the process of calculating logarithms into a series of simple steps that only needed addition and subtraction

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12
Q

What inspired Babbage to create the Difference Engine?

A

navigational tables as he believed they could be automated instead of being produced by skilled mathematicians

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13
Q

How did Babbage convince the British government to fun his project to build the Difference Engine?

A

he argued his machine would prevent accidents resulting from human error, and eager to continue to have the best navy, the the British government agreed

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14
Q

The Difference Engine is named after?

A

the “method of difference” used by de Prony a generation earlier

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15
Q

When did Babbage produce a small-scale prototype of the Difference Engine?

A

1833

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16
Q

True or False? The machine (prototype of the Difference Engine) Babbage made in 1833 was fully functional

A

False; it also could not print its results

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17
Q

Why was Babbage unable to produce a fully functioning Difference Engine but he had to settle for a small prototype?

A

It was too expensive and time consuming despite not enough gears being produced

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18
Q

What kind of calculation was the Difference Engine specialized to perform?

A

Differentiation

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19
Q

How many calculations was the Difference Engine able to perform?

A

One

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20
Q

Babbage envisioned the Analytical Engine as a __________________ calculating machine that could be programmed to perform any mathematical operation

A

the Analytical Engine

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21
Q

Why was Babbage unable to receive more funding for the Analytical Engine?

A

because he failed to deliver regarding the Difference Engine and high costs

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22
Q

True or False? The Analytical Engine ended up being successful as Babbage imagined.

A

False as the machine only existed on paper since he was unable to acquire more funding

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23
Q

Who is Ada Lovelace’s father?

A

Lord Bryon who was a famous poet

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24
Q

What did Lovelace do in 1843?

A

she translated a report that described the Analytical Engine from French and added her own commentary

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25
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

a precise step-by-step list of instructions for accomplishing a given task; they are the key to computer science: a program is simply an algorithm expressed in computer code

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26
Q

In her added notes to a French report on the Analytical Engine, Lovelace described what?

A

an algorithm for computing a series of numbers (called Bernoulli numbers) using the Analytical Engine

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27
Q

What were bombes?

A

Electromechanical machines

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28
Q

Who was on the team that developed the bombes?

A

Alan Turing

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29
Q

What was the purpose of the bombes?

A

To assist in automatically decrypting messages intercepted from the Germans

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30
Q

What is Turing best known for?

A

His contributions to theoretical computer science

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31
Q

True or false. America industrialize faster than Great Britain.

A

FALSE

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32
Q

After what event did large scale manufacturing became widespread in the U.S.

A

The Civil War

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33
Q

In what year was the first census performed?

A

1790

34
Q

Name the earliest example of large-scale data processing project in the U.S.

A

The Census

35
Q

How often is the census performed?

A

Every 10 year

36
Q

How long did the census from 1880 took to process?

A

Seven years

37
Q

Who was appointed as the director of the 1890 census?

A

Robert Porter

38
Q

Whose proposal was accepted for the census of 1890 by Robert Poter in 1888?

A

Herman Hollerith

39
Q

What was Herman Hollerith proposal regarding the demographic recording for the census?

A

Record demographic information on small sheets of cardstock.

40
Q

What was Herman Hollerith inspiration for his punched card system?

A

Hollerith was inspired by the use of sheets of perforated paper to control the organette, a novelty musical instrument popular at the time.

41
Q

How many spring-loaded metal pins were pressed against the card in a punched-card system?

A

288 spring-loaded metal pins would press against a card

42
Q

When were the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Company merged together?

A

1927

43
Q

Who designed and patented the first practical typewriter?

A

Christopher Latham Sholes

44
Q

How was the keyboard layout in Sholes’ early models?

A

Early models of Sholes’ typewriter used an alphabetical keyboard layout.

45
Q

Who invented the Comptometer?

A

Dorr E. Felt

46
Q

Who invented the adding machinges?

A

William S. Burroughs

47
Q

Who was the first president of IBM?

A

The first president was Thomas J. Watson

48
Q

Who did he pass his reins, those of IBM, to in 1956?

A

To his son Thomas J. Watson Jr who succeeded him as IBM’s CEO

49
Q

What computer did Clifford Berry and John Atanasoff make

A

They made the Atanaoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

50
Q

What type of problem’s does the ABC Computer solve

A

It was meant to solve specifically Linear equations

51
Q

What did these early computing devices lack

A

Conditional branching

52
Q

What are modern computers descendants of

A

Early electromagnetic computers

53
Q

What is a Differential Analyzer.

A

It was a elaborate contraption, a network of ‘‘shaft and wires wheels, pulleys, and 1,000 it was designed to solve differential equations only

54
Q

Who created the Differential Analyzer

A

Vanneevar Bush and Harold Locke Hazen

55
Q

what did the development of adding machines lead to?

A

the cash register

56
Q

why did James Ritty make the cash register?

A

He was worried that his employees was pocketing the cash, or making incorrect calculations

57
Q

what was the 2 main differences of a cash register from an Adding machine

A

had a compartment to hold cash, and the transaction was recorded the amount due would display on the top of the cash register as well as be recorded on a roll of paper

58
Q

who purchased the rights of the cash register to?

A

John H. Patterson

59
Q

what did John H. Patterson do after purchasing the rights to the cash register?

A

He created a company called National Cash Register Company (NCR), he created a school to educate his employees to be able to go out and sell the cash register

60
Q

what company did Tomas J. Watson work for before getting fired in 1911?

A

He worked for NCR (National Cash Register Company) and was rising the ranks really fast, was fired abruptly and on a whim

61
Q

After being fired where did Tomas J. Watson go to work?

A

He became employed at Computer- Tabulating- Recording (C-T-R) and rose up to being president in just 3 years

62
Q

what was C-T-R the descendent of what idea?

A

Hollerith’s original punched-card machine company

63
Q

what was IBM company previously called?

A

C-T-R, the name changed and then they dominated the office- machinery industry

64
Q

because electricity became more common around the US this led to what modifications to the typewriter?

A

the typewriter no longer used the force of the writers pushing the key but converted to using electricity to replace this force, although other beyond where the force changed the design of the typewriter

65
Q

a engineer at MIT named Vannevar Bush created a machine called what?

A

Differential Analyzer

66
Q

what is the difference between a calculator and a computer?

A

a computer can respond to the If and Buts of a situation while a calculator in strait forward

67
Q

what degree and university did Howard Aiken?

A

physics and Harvard University

68
Q

what two companies turned Aiken down before IBM accepted his proposal?

A

Harvard’s physics department, and Monroe Machine Company

69
Q

What political blunder did Howard Aiken commit at the reveal of Mark 1?

A

claimed sole credit for it when he had given lose plans to IMB’s engineers who did literally all the work as he moved onto new projects and IMB sponsored the whole project destroying all relationships with IBM and never working w/ them again

70
Q

how many models got made of Mark?

A

there were a total of 4 marks

71
Q

how did Mark 1 stay coordinated while being so big?

A

it had a 51-foot shaft going down the center being 2 feet in diameter this helped it stay in sync

72
Q

What led to the cash register?

A

The adding machine

73
Q

Who invented the first successful cash register and when?

A

James Ritty in 1879

74
Q

What separated the cash register from an adding machine?

A

A cash register included a compartment for holding money and a display for the purchase amount

75
Q

How would the cash register guarantee that the clerk was not pocketing cash?

A

It had a roll of paper that would be used to compare the day’s transactions to the money in the register

76
Q

Who bought the rights to James Ritty’s cash register?

A

John H. Patterson

77
Q

When did Patterson fire Watson and why?

A

1911, for no specified reason other than it being on a whim

78
Q

what was adam smith’s famous book

A

The wealth of nations

79
Q

what spurred the creation of the modern computer

A

the industrial revolution

80
Q

what is specialization

A

when you break down the production process into smaller steps

81
Q

who created the difference engine

A

charles babagge

AcaDec 2023_24 (25 decks)

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