Arthrology

Question 1

Define

Arthrology

Answer 1

Study of joints

Question 2

Define

articulation

Answer 2

Joint between bone or cartilage

Question 3

Function

joints

Answer 3

Can confer stability or motion between structures

Question 4

Joints are classified by…

Answer 4

Degree of motion and type of tissue in articulation

Question 5

What are the classifications of joints by degree of motion?

Answer 5

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Question 6

Synarthroses

Answer 6

Mostly fibrous, no or limited movement, ie. sutures

Question 7

Amphiarthroses

Answer 7

Mostly cartilaginous, slightly moveable, ie. syndesmoses, symphyses

Question 8

Diarthroses

Answer 8

Synovial, highly moveable, ie. knee, shoulder, hip

Question 9

Classifications of joints by type of tissue in articulation:

Answer 9

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 10

movement and composition of

Fibrous tissue in articulation

Answer 10

No or limited movement, Bone-CT-Bone

Question 11

movement and composition of

Cartilaginous tissue in articulation

Answer 11

Slightly moveable, Bone-Cartilage-Bone

Question 12

movement and composition of

Synovial tissue in articulation

Answer 12

Highly moveable, Bone-Cartilage-Cavitated CT (filled with synovial fluid)-Cartilage-Bone

Question 13

Suture tissue type

Answer 13

Fibrous: Bone – Collagenous Sutural Ligament – Bone

Question 14

Gomphosis tissue type and function

Answer 14

Fibrous tissue type
Anchors tooth in socket: Bone – cartilaginous periodontal
ligament – dental cementum

Question 15

Synchondroses tissue type

Answer 15

Cartilaginous: Bone – hyaline growth cartilage – bone

Question 16

Symphyses tissue type

Answer 16

Cartilaginous: Bone – hyaline cartilage – fibrocartilaginous disc – hyaline cartilage – bone

Question 17

Symphyses function and location

Answer 17

Stability, resist forces at weight bearing joints
Median, restricted to axillary skeleton

Question 18

Secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 18

Symphyses

Question 19

Primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 19

Synchondroses

Question 20

Syndesmoses tissue type

Answer 20

Fibrous: Bone – cartilaginous interosseous ligament – bone (may be elastic fibrous CT)

Question 21

Syndesmoses function

Answer 21

Dynamic stabilization, resist forces that separate bones

Question 22

What is synostosis?

Answer 22

Fusion of joint – ultimate fate of most synarthroses/amphiarthroses

Question 23

Where does synostosis occur?

Answer 23

Between sutures in adulthood
Some symphyses by adulthood
All synchondroses

Question 24

When is synostosis pathological?

Answer 24

Fusion of IVD (except in sacrum) and/or pubic symphysis is pathological
Craniosynostosis

Question 25

Craniosynostosis

Answer 25

Fusion of cranial sutures before birth or during early childhood, before the completion of bone skull growth Constricts brain growth in direction of fusion and flexibility of plate-like cranial bones, resulting in misshapen cranium

Question 26

Epiphyseal growth plates are an example of which joint type?

Answer 26

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous)

Question 27

What joints are restricted to the axillary skeleton?

Answer 27

Symphyses

Question 28

Which symphyses undergo synostosis?

Answer 28

Manubriosternal, xiphisternal, and mandibular symphyses

Question 29

What is the joint formed by a tooth and a periodontal ligament called?

Answer 29

Gomphosis

Question 30

What type of cartilaginous joint are synchondroses?

Answer 30

Amphiarthroses

Question 31

How would Gomphosis joints be classified?

Answer 31

Fibrous synarthrosis

Question 32

In synovial diarthroses, the synovial fluid is surrounded by…

Answer 32

A fibrous joint capsule

Question 33

In synovial diarthroses, the joint capsule is made of…

Answer 33

An inner synovial layer and outer fibrous layer

Question 34

In synovial diarthroses, ligaments can be:

Answer 34

Extrinsic, intrinsic, or intracapsular

Question 35

Examples of synovial diarthroses are:

Answer 35

Knee, shoulder, hip

Question 36

Describe extrinsic ligaments of diarthroses with an example

Answer 36

Located outside of the fibrous joint capsule ex. lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the knee

Question 37

Describe intrinsic ligaments of diarthroses with an example

Answer 37

Located within or on the surface of the fibrous joint capsule ex. ischiofemoral/pubofemoral ligaments of hip

Question 38

Describe intracapsular ligaments of diarthroses with examples

Answer 38

Located inside of the synovial cavity ex. ligamentum teres of hip, ACL/PCL of knee

Question 39

What are fat pads in diarthroses? What is their function?

Answer 39

Areas of adipose tissue within the joint capsule to cushion the articulation

Question 40

Where are fibrocartilaginous discs?

Answer 40

Menisci, in some joints (ex. knee, sternoclavicular)

Question 41

Function of fibrocartilaginous discs (menisci)

Answer 41

Disperse weights and remove friction during movement

Question 42

Plane synovial joints description and example

Answer 42

Translates motion across flat joint surfaces in apposition ex. zygapophyseal joints (facet joints)

Question 43

Ginglymus (hinge) joints description and example

Answer 43

Uniaxial joint allowing motion with one degree of freedom ex. elbow joint

Question 44

Trochoid (pivot) joints description and two examples

Answer 44

Uniaxial, rotation of a bone around a single axis ex. medial atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint

Question 45

Bicondyloid joints description

Answer 45

Mostly uniaxial with some rotatory movement, two convex condyles articulating with two concave joint surfaces

Question 46

Three examples of bichondyloid joints

Answer 46

1. femoral condyles and tibial plateau 2. temperomandibular joint 3. atlantooccipital joints

Question 47

Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints description

Answer 47

Biaxial, oval ellipsoid convex surface articulates with oval ellipsoid concave surface

Question 48

Ellipsoid (condyloid) joints example

Answer 48

Distal radius with scaphoid and lunate in wrist

Question 49

Sellar (saddle) joints description and example

Answer 49

Multiaxial, two concave-convex (saddle-shaped) surfaces articulating with each other ex. pollical carpometacarpal (thumb) joint

Question 50

Spheroidal (ball and socket) joints description and two examples

Answer 50

Multiaxial, three degrees of freedom of motion ex. glenohumeral joint and hip joint

Question 51

In synovial diarthroses, extrinsic ligaments are…

Answer 51

Outside of the fibrous joint capsule