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Gross Anatomy I NYCC > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

when is a mature ovum release?

A

ovulation

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2
Q

what is fertilization?

A

process of sperm joining egg

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3
Q

describe the process of fertilization

A
  1. sperm makes contact w egg
  2. acrosome reacts w zona pellucida & creates a space
  3. plasma membranes of sperm & egg fuse
  4. sperm nucleus enters egg
  5. cortical granules fuse w egg plasma membrane, renders plasma membrane impenetrable to other sperm
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4
Q

what is a zygote?

A

single celled fertilized egg (day 1)

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5
Q

what is cleavage?

A

cell division: zygote to blastocyst

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6
Q

what are daughter cells?

A

products of cell division called blastomeres

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7
Q

what is a morula?

A

32 cell (blastomeres) embryo

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8
Q

describe the blastocyst stage (day 4-5)

A
  • trophoblast pumps fluid into cell to form fluid-filled vesicle (blastocoele)
  • fluid pushes inner cell mass to one end of tropoectoderm (embryonic pole)
  • hypoblast cells line & feed blastocoele
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9
Q

what is the epiblast?

A

inner cell mass of blastocyst

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10
Q

what is the trophoblast?

A

external cell layer of blastocyst

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11
Q

what is the blastocoele?

A

yolk sac that will feed embryo for several weeks

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12
Q

what are hypoblasts?

A

cells that line & feed blastocoele

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13
Q

what occurs on day 5-9 of implantation?

A

blastocyst interacts with uterine wall:
- giant cells from trophoblast implant in uterine wall
- rest of trophoblast gives rise to placenta & membranes
- blastocoele feeds embryo for several weeks

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14
Q

what is an embryonic bilaminar disc?

A

2 distinct layers of embryo at beginning of week 3:
epiblast (outer region of blastocyst)
hypoblast (borders blastocoele)

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15
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

formation of 3 embryonic germ layers from cells of epiblast

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16
Q

describe the process of gastrulation

A
  • cells migrate through rift in epiblast called primitive streak
  • form endoderm, then mesoderm, remaining epiblast cells become ectoderm
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17
Q

what tissues are formed by the ectoderm?

A

CNS
PNS
ANS
outer layer of skin

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18
Q

what tissues are formed by the mesoderm?

A

connective tissue (bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose)

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19
Q

what tissues are formed by the endoderm?

A

GI tract
lungs
liver

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20
Q

what is neurulation and when does it occur?

A

formation of notochord & neural tube (week 3)

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21
Q

describe the process of neurulation

A
  • cells migrate through Henson’s node forming notochord
  • notochord signals to overlying ectoderm to thicken to form neural plate
  • neural plate begins to fold at midline (neural groove), closing to form neural tube
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22
Q

how does the notochord form?

A

via mesoderm cells that migrate through Henson’s Node

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23
Q

what is Henson’s node?

A

collection of cell bodies at anterior end of primitive streak

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24
Q

what is the neural tube?

A
  • cavity for formation of CNS
  • vertebral column & skull form around tube
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25
Q

what are neural tube defects?

A

failure of neural tube to close due to folic acid deficiency

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26
Q

what are 2 types of spina bifida?

A
  • occulta (no protrusion of CNS/meninges)
  • cystica (protrusion of CNS/meninges)
27
Q

name 2 types of spina bifida cystica lesions

A

meningocoele
myelomeningocoele

28
Q

meningocoele lesion

A

protrusion of meninges through defect in spine

29
Q

myelomeningocoele lesion

A

protrusion of spinal cord & meninges through defect in spine

30
Q

what is anencephaly?

A

failure of skull to form in which missing skull cap & cerebral cortex (incompatible with life)

31
Q

what is encephalocoele?

A

failure of skull to form in which part of brain/meninges forms in a sac outside of skull

32
Q

skeleton & articulations derive from ____

A

mesoderm

33
Q

what is paraxial mesoderm?

A

mesoderm lateral to neural tube & notochord

34
Q

what happens to paraxial mesoderm by 20 days in utero?

A

organizes into 42-44 segments

35
Q

lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to ____

A

body wall/limbs

36
Q

what are somites?

A
  • compact aggregates of paraxial mesoderm
  • appear as bead-like elevations along dorsal surface
  • form cranial to caudal
37
Q

how are somites divided?

A
  • sclerotome: skeletal system
  • myotome: muscular system
  • dermatome: deeper layers of skin, adipose tissue
38
Q

how many primary ossification centers in typical vertebrae?

A

3

39
Q

how many secondary ossification centers in typical vertebrae?

A

5

40
Q

describe primary ossification centers

A
  • body (centrum)
  • neural arch = 2 centers that meet at dorsal midline to form SP, fuse w body anteriorly
41
Q

describe secondary ossification centers

A
  • tips of each TP
  • one at tip of SP
  • 2 ring shaped annular epiphyses at top & bottom of vertebrae
42
Q

where are growth plates located in vertebrae?

A

between primary & secondary ossification centers

43
Q

describe vertebrae at birth

A
  • 3 primary ossification centers are distinct
  • joined by cartilage
44
Q

vertebrae by age 1

A

neural arches fused

45
Q

vertebrae by age 6

A
  • arches fused to bodies
  • accommodates growing spinal cord
46
Q

when do secondary ossification centers appear?

A

puberty

47
Q

when do primary ossification centers begin to fuse?

A

by age 21
- annular epiphyses
- presacral complete by age 25
- sacrum complete by 23

48
Q

ossification of atlas (C1)

A
  • 2 primary ossification centers (left & right): bulk of posterior arch & lateral mass
  • halves of posterior arch fuse by age 4
  • anterior arch appears at year 1 & joins lateral masses between 5-9 years
49
Q

ossification of axis (C2)

A
  • same ossification centers as typical, plus 2 for dens (appear in 4-5th month in utero)
  • at birth: centrum, dens, neural arches
  • primary centers fused by age 6
50
Q

ossification centers of sacrum

A
  • body: from primary center of centrum & 2 epiphyseal plates
  • vertebral arches: from 2 primary ossification centers
  • other centers: laterally for upper 3-4 segments for costal segments
  • secondary centers on each lateral surface (1 auricular surface, 1 lateral edge)
51
Q

timing of ossification of sacrum

A
  • age 2-5: neural arches join w bodies, lower segments 1st
  • age 16: annular epiphyses for bodies, 18-20 lateral epiphyses (IVD separate bodies)
  • age 18: synostosis of discs begins, proceeds cranially
52
Q

ossification of coccyx

A

each segment has its own ossification center:
- 1 - soon after birth
- 2 - age 5-10
- 3 - age 10-15
- 4 - age 14-20

53
Q

name the 5 stages of lung development

A
  • embryonic
  • pseudoglandular
  • canalicular
  • saccular
  • postnatal
54
Q

lungs are derived from ____

A

endoderm

55
Q

lung development

embryonic stage

A
  • week 3: lung bud develops from foregut, divide into lobar buds
  • week 8: lobar buds divide & form bronchiopulmonary segments
  • buds lined by endodermally derived endothelium that differentiates into epithelium that lines airways & alveoli
56
Q

lung development

pseudoglandular stage

A

weeks 7-18
- conductive airways formed by progressive branching
- 13 weeks: cilia appear in proximal airways

57
Q

lung development

canalicular stage

A

16-25 weeks: gas exchanging portion of lung is formed & vascularized

58
Q

lung development

saccular stage

A

25 weeks to birth: development of primitive saccules that become alveoli after birth

59
Q

lung development

postnatal stage

A

birth & after: maturation of alveoli

60
Q

development of heart

truncus arteriosus

A

divides & gives rise to aorta & pulmonary trunk

61
Q

development of heart

bulbus cordis

A

right ventricle

62
Q

development of heart

primitive ventricle

A

left ventricle

63
Q

development of heart

primitive atrium

A

anterior portions of L & R atria & both auricles

64
Q

development of heart

sinus venosus

A
  • posterior walls of atria
  • SA node
  • coronary sinus

Gross Anatomy I NYCC (15 decks)

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