Final Exam

Question 1

which of these statements is true regarding intercostal nerves?

A. formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
B. run in the intercostal groove of the rib the length of the intercostal space
C. give off lateral cutaneous branches which supply skin of lateral thoracic & abdomen
D. All of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

the anterior intercostals are branches of what artery?

Answer 2

internal thoracic

origin of anterior intercostal aa is internal thoracic

Question 3

the visceral serous pericardium forms ____

Answer 3

epicardium

Question 4

the ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of what embryoligical structure?

Answer 4

ductus arterious

Question 5

True or false

Myelomeningocoele is a lesion of spina bifida cystia in which the meninges & the spinal cord protrude through the opening in the neural arches

Answer 5

True

Question 6

True or false

mesoderm forms via the migration of epiblast cells through Henson’s node

Answer 6

False

Question 7

True or false

the cranial-caudal rule applies to both the formation of the notochord & neural plate

Answer 7

True

Question 8

somites are concentrations of ____ along the axis of the embryo

Answer 8

mesoderm

Question 9

the sacral vertebrae/sacrum are completely synostosed/fused by age ____

Answer 9

23

Question 10

the secondary ossification center of atlas (C1) forms ____

Answer 10

anterior arch

Question 11

vertebrae are ossified via ____

Answer 11

endochondral ossification

Question 12

True or false

there are 5 primary ossification centers in the first 4 sacral vertebrae (S1-S4)

Answer 12

True

Question 13

what is the action of innermost intercostal muscles?

Answer 13

muscle of expiration

stabilize intercostal space, depress ribs

Question 14

the brachiocephalic trunk is a branch of ____

Answer 14

arch of aorta

Question 15

what are the 2 layers of a blastocyst?

Answer 15

epiblast & hypoblast

= embryonic bilaminar disc

Question 16

True or false

the transverse thoracic plane begins anteriorly at the xiphisternal junction

Answer 16

False

begins at level of sternal angle and junction of T4-T5 at IVD

Question 17

True or false

the pericardium is continuous interiorly with the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or false

the coronary sulcus is a groove on the exterior surface of the heart that runs between the ventricles & the atria

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or false

the trachea bifurcates into the left & right pulmonary bronchi at the level of the transverse thoracic plane

Answer 19

True

Question 20

what is the embryological origin of the right ventricle?

Answer 20

bulbus cordis

Question 21

sympathetic trunk interacts with ventral rami via ____

Answer 21

rami communicants

Question 22

which of the following does not innervate the pericardium?

A. thoracic splanchnic nerves
B. phrenic nerves
C. sympathetic trunk
D. vagus nerve

Answer 22

A

Question 23

the middle cardiac vein is located in the ____ sulcus

Answer 23

posterior interventricular

Question 24

at what age do typical vertebrae fuse?

Answer 24

6 years old

Question 25

where does gas exchange in the lung occur?

Answer 25

alveoli

Question 26

what muscles are in the anterior wall of the right atrium?

Answer 26

pectinate muscles

Question 27

The brachiocephalic trunk…

A. branches off of the arch of the aorta on the left side of the body
B. branches off of the arch of the aorta of the right side of the body
C. branches off of the descending thoracic aorta on the left side of the body
D. branches off of the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the body

Answer 27

B

Question 28

Which muscle depresses costal cartilages during forced expiration?

A. external intercostals
B. internal intercostals
C. innermost intercostals
D. transversus thoracis

Answer 28

D

Question 29

The ____ invests all surfaces of the lungs

Answer 29

visceral pleura

Question 30

The azygous vein forms a ____ pathway between SVC and IVC

Answer 30

collateral

Question 31

The anterior interventricular artery originates from the ____ and is located ____

Answer 31

Left coronary a
anterior interventricular sulcus

(*answer on exam is false)

Question 32

the maturation of alveoli occurs at the ____ stage

Answer 32

postnatal

Question 33

what vessel(s) supply oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

Answer 33

left & right, superior & inferior pulmonary veins

Question 34

what vessel(s) supply blood to the lung tissue?

Answer 34

bronchial arteries

(*answer on exam is false)

pulmonary arteries carry low O2 blood to lungs

Question 35

the fluid/yolk sac that will feed the embryo for several weeks is called ____

Answer 35

blastocoele

Question 36

gastrulation is the formation of 3 embryonic germ layers from cell of the ____

Answer 36

epiblast

Question 37

spina bifida is an example of a ____ defect

Answer 37

neural tube

Question 38

what is spina bifida occulta?

Answer 38

failure of neural tube to close, but no protrusion of spinal cord or meninges

Question 39

a 32 cell embryo is called a ____

Answer 39

morula

Question 40

What is formed at the beginning of week 3?

Answer 40

notochord (and neural tube)

Question 41

presacral fusion is complete by age ____

Answer 41

25

Question 42

how many secondary ossification centers are in typical vertebrae?

Answer 42

5

Question 43

how many annular epiphyses are in typical vertebrae?

Answer 43

2

Question 44

what is located at the tips of each transverse process?

Answer 44

secondary ossification center

Question 45

the mediastinum is divided by the ____

Answer 45

transverse thoracic plane