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Gross Anatomy I NYCC > Joints of the Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Joints of the Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint are intervertebral discs part of?

A

Symphysis

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2
Q

Location of intervertebral discs

A

Between vertebral bodies from C2 to sacrum
Degenerate disc between S5 and Cx1

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3
Q

Intervertebral disc shape throughout the spine

A
  • Thicker anterior>posterior in cervical & lumbar (creates spinal curvatures)
  • flat in thoracic, thinnest in upper thoracic
  • thickest in lumbar region
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4
Q

Intervertebral disc ligament attachments

A
  • attached to ALL & PLL
  • attached to heads of ribs via interarticular ligaments
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5
Q

Functions of annulus fibrosis

A

Enclose and retain nucleus pulposus
Absorb compressive shocks
Structural unit between vertebral bodies
Allows restricted motion

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6
Q

Describe zones of annulus fibrosis

A

Outer collagenous zone,
wider, inner fibrocartilage zone arranged in lamellae

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7
Q

annulus fibrosis

Fibers at adjacent
laminae are arranged…

A

obliquely at 30 degrees
from horizontal

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8
Q

annulus fibrosis

Oblique arrangement of fibers gives…

A

torsional strength to disc

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9
Q

The intervetebral discs are composed of:

A

nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis

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10
Q

Intervertebral discs adhere to…

A

Adhere to surface of vertebral body above & below via vertebral end plate with thin layer of hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Function of nucleus pulposus

A

Resilient spacer allowing motion between vertebrae
Distributes compressive forces

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12
Q

Nucleus pulposis makes up how much bulk of disc?

A

40%

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13
Q

Nucleus pulposus is located more ____ than ____

A

Posterior>anterior

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14
Q

Describe changes to the nucleus pulposus throughout life

A

Larger at birth, decreases in size with age (dehydrates)
Notochordal cells disappear within first decade of life

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15
Q

What is the nucleus pulposis made of?

A

High water content, remains of notochord (mesoderm)

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16
Q

Innervation of posterior intervertebral disc

A

recurrent meningeal nerve

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17
Q

Innervation of posterolateral intervertebral disc

A

ventral rami
gray rami communicants

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18
Q

Innervation of anterolateral intervertebral disc

A

gray rami communicant
sympathetic trunk

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19
Q

What is a disc herniation?

A

Nucleus pulposus extrudes through a defect in annulus fibrosis

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20
Q

What direction is a disc herniation most likely to occur?

A

Posterolaterally
(Nucleus pulposus is located more posteriorly)

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21
Q

Disc herniation is most likely to occur…

A
  • lumbar region (annulus is thinnest)
  • posterolaterally (posterior longitudinal lig is directly posterior)
  • under 55 years (less to bulge out with aging due to dehydration)
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22
Q

Vascularization of intervertebral discs

A

Avascular except for periphery

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23
Q

Zygapophyseal joints are what type of joint?

A

Plane synovial

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24
Q

Zygapophyseal joints are at what angle in the cervical region of the spine?

A

45 degrees

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25
Q

Zygapophyseal joints are at what angle in the thoracic region of the spine?

A

60 degrees

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26
Q

Zygapophyseal joints are at what angle in the lumbar region of the spine?

A

90 degrees

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27
Q

Zygapophyseal joints may contain what in lumbar region?

A

fat pads or fibroadipose menisci

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28
Q

Innervation of zygapophyseal joints

A

medial branches of dorsal rami, ascending branch of nerve below and descending of nerve above

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29
Q

Non-segmental syndesmoses of spine include:

A

ALL, PLL, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum nuchae

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30
Q

Non-segmental syndesmosis

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL) location and attachments

A

Anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and IVDs (S5-C2)

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31
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament is tense in ____

A

Extension

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32
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)

Between occipital and C1

A

atlantooccipital membrane

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33
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)

Between C1 and C2

A

atlantoaxial membrane

34
Q

Non-segmental syndesmosis

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) location and attachment

A

Lies in vertebral canal, attaches to vertebral bodies and IVDs (S5-C2)

35
Q

Non-segmental syndesmosis

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) is continuous with…

A

tectorial membrane above C2

36
Q

non-segmental syndesmosis

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) is broader in…

A

cervical and thoracic regions

37
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament is tense in ____

A

Flexion

38
Q

non-segmental syndesmosis

In lower thoracic and lumbar regions, Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) is:

A

denticulated (broader over discs, narrow over bodies)

39
Q

non-segmental syndesmosis

Supraspinous ligament

A

Strong fibrous cord connecting apices of spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

40
Q

non-segmental syndesmoses

Between C7 and
occipital, the supraspinous ligament is replaced by:

A

ligamentum nuchae

41
Q

Non-segmental syndesmosis

Ligamentum nuchae attaches…

A

from external occipital protruberance along median occipital crest, posterior tubercle of atlas, spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

42
Q

non-segmental syndemosis

Ligamentum nuchae structure

A

Bilaminar, fibroelastic membrane
Homologous with supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

43
Q

non-segmental syndesmosis

Ligamentum nuchae function

A

passively supports head, tensed in flexion

44
Q

the following are examples of ____

Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous Ligaments
Intertranvserse Ligaments
Accessory Ligament
Cruciate Ligament
Apical Ligament of Dens

A

segmental syndesmoses

45
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Ligamentum flavum location

A

one pair between laminae of adjacent vertebrae (sacrum-C2)

46
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Ligamentum flavum is composed of:

A

yellow elastic collagen

47
Q

ligamentum flava

posterior atlantooccipital membrane location

A

between posterior arch of atlas and foramen magnum

48
Q

ligamentum flava

posterior atlantoaxial membrane location

A

between posterior arch of atlas and laminae of axis

49
Q

Ligamentum flavum include:

A

posterior atlantoaxial membrane
posterior atlantooccipital membrane

50
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Ligamentum flavum function

A

brake separation between laminae during flexion of spine

51
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Interspinous ligaments anteriorly meet:
and posteriorly meet:

A

anteriorly: ligamentum flava
posteriorly: supraspinous ligament

52
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Interspinous ligaments location

A

Connect adjacent spinous processes along length

53
Q

function of interspinous ligaments

A

limit flexion

54
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Intertransverse ligaments location

A

between transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae

55
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Intertransverse ligaments in cervical:

A

largely replaced by intertransverse muscles

56
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Intertransverse ligaments in thoracic:

A

blend with adjacent muscles

57
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Intertransverse ligaments in lumbar:

A

thin and membranous

58
Q

function of intertransverse ligaments

A

limit lateral flexion

59
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Alar ligaments location

A

Arise from each side of apex of dens, ascend laterally to impressions on medial sides of occipital condyles

60
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Alar ligaments function

A

Relax in extension
Tighten in flexion
Check rotation to contralateral side

61
Q

Lateral atlantoaxial joints location

A

Between lateral masses of atlas and superior facets of transverse processes of axis

62
Q

lateral atlantoaxial joint classification

A

plane, synovial

63
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Describe accessory ligament

A

posteromedial thickening at lateral atlantoaxial joints (Zygoapophyseal joints of C1-C2)

64
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Cruciate ligament is formed by:

A

transverse atlantal ligament, superior and inferior longitudinal ligaments

65
Q

Transverse Atlantal ligament attachments

A

Wraps around dens of C2, between lateral masses of C1

66
Q

cruciate ligament

Superior band of
longitudinal fibers location

A

arise from transverse ligament and attaches to clivus deep to tectorial membrane

67
Q

cruciate ligament

Inferior band of longitudinal fibers location

A

arises from transverse ligament, attaches to body of axis deep to PLL

68
Q

atlantoaxial joints

Vertebrae are connected via:

A

posterior and anterior atlantoaxial membranes

69
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Tectorial membrane is a continuation of:

A

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)

70
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Tectorial membrane location

A

Ascends posterior to dens and cruciate ligament
Attaches to clivus of occipital and sphenoid
(Body C2-clivus)

71
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Tectorial membrane blends with:

A

cranial dura mater

72
Q

segmental syndesmosis

Apical dental ligament location

A

attaches dens of axis to occipital bone

73
Q

Intervertebral discs are thicker in ____ and ____ regions, allowing for…

A

Lumber & cervical
Greater mobility

74
Q

Functions of intervertebral discs

A
  • bear weight
  • dissipate shock (higher water content)
  • distribute load
  • flexible buffer between rigid vertebrae
  • adequate motion at low loads, stability at higher loads
75
Q

What type of joint are intervertebral discs?

A

Symphysis

76
Q

Kyphosis

A

Convex posteriorly

77
Q

Lordosis

A

Convex anteriorly

78
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature (pathological)

79
Q

Severe untreated scoliosis can cause…

A

Deformity of rib cage and vertebral curvature

80
Q

Structural vs functional scoliosis

A

Structural:
- hemivertebra
- age ~10-15 years
Functional:
- muscles tight on one side
- uneven hips - spine curves to compensate

Gross Anatomy I NYCC (15 decks)

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