Articulations

Question 1

What is arthrology?

Answer 1

Study of joints

Arthrology is the study of joints.

Question 2

What is synarthrosis?

Answer 2

No movement (very stable)

Synarthrosis joints allow no movement and are very stable.

Question 3

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 3

Uses connective tissue between joints

Fibrous joints use connective tissue between the bones.

Question 4

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 4

Uses cartilage to connect bones

Cartilaginous joints use cartilage between the bones.

Question 5

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 5

Freely movable (diarthrosis)

Synovial joints allow for free movement and are classified as diarthrosis.

Question 6

What is a suture joint?

Answer 6

Joint that binds bones of skull,

Synarthrosis (doesn’t allow movement)

in middle age ossify and fuse to solid bone

Question 7

Define amphiarthrosis

Answer 7

A joint that is slightly movable

Question 8

Define diarthrosis

Answer 8

A joint that is able to move freely

Question 9

How are joints classified?

Answer 9

By function and structure

Question 10

What are the three structural types of joints?

Answer 10

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 11

What is a fibrous joint. And what are the different kids

Answer 11

A joint that binds bones using collagen.
Doesn’t have a joint capsule

Suture joint, gomphoses joint, syndesmoses joint

Question 12

What are the characteristics of syndesmoses joints

Answer 12

Amphiarthrosis (allow slight movement)

Uses LIGAMENTS to bind bones to other bones

Location: Radius/ ulna and Tibia/Fibula

Question 13

Describe Gomphoses joints

Answer 13

Synarthrosis (don’t allow movement
Bones bond by a ligament
Found in teeth being held in alveolar socket (PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT)
“Peg in socket” joint

Question 14

Explain cartilaginous joints

Answer 14

Bones united by cartilage
2 kinds synchondrosis and symphsis.
No joint capsule present

Question 15

Explain Synchondrosis joints

Answer 15

Part of cartilaginous joints
Synarthrotic (doesn’t allow movement)
Bones untiled by HYALINE cartilage
Location: 1st rib attachment to sternum, and at the epiphyseal plate (binding ephysis to diaphysis)

Question 16

Explain symphyses joints (symphysis joints)

Answer 16

Part of cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrotic (allows slight movement)
Bones united by FIBROCARTILAGE
Location: intervertebral joints, Pubic Symphysis

Question 17

What are the 2 kinds of cartilaginous joints

Answer 17

Synchondrosis and symphyses

Question 18

What are synovial joints

Answer 18

Bones separated by fluid filled joint cavities.
Diarthrotic (freely moving)

Question 19

What is a joint cavity/ joint capsule? And where are they found?

Answer 19

Small synovial fluid filled sacks found at synovial joints.

Question 20

Where can you find synovial joints?

Answer 20

Almost all limb joints

Question 21

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 21

Hyaline Cartilage that covers the ends of long bones

Question 22

What is the articular capsul? What is its function

Answer 22

A 2 layer capsul that holds synovial joints together and produces synovial fluid

Question 23

What are the two layers of the articular capsule?

Answer 23

External fibrous layer- dense irregular connective tissue provides strength and durability for joint

Inner synovial membrane- loose connective tissue that produces synovial fluid

Question 24

How do nutrients get to the synovial joint. How does nutrients get into our articular cartilage?

Answer 24

Veins and arteries connect the the synovial membrane where nutrients can diffuse into the synovial fluid. From there we the joint moves the articular cartilage acts as a sponge absorbing nutrients and removing waste products.

Question 25

What is synovial fluid? And what’s its function?

Answer 25

Viscous slippery fluid found inside synovial joints Functions to lubricate, and waste/ nutrient exchange for articular cartilage

Question 26

What gives synovial fluid its characteristic?

Answer 26

Albumin, proteoglycans (hold and trap water), hyaluronic acid (increase viscosity of fluid.

Question 27

What is a ligament and what is the function?

Answer 27

Fibrous connective tissue that Connects bones to bones Limit range of motion.

Question 28

What is a menisci and where is it found?

Answer 28

Fibrocartilage found in knee & temporal mandible joint. Improves fit of knee bones, stabilize joint, shock absorption,

Question 29

What is a bursae? Function? Location?

Answer 29

Synovial fluid filled sacks that provide lubrication for synovial joints. Located in between ligaments, muscle, tendons, skin and bones where they rub together

Question 30

What are tendon sheaths? Function? Location?

Answer 30

Tubular bursa that wraps around tendons and holds them together. Found wherever tendon is subject to pressure or friction on 2 or more surfaces (carpal tunnel)

Question 31

What are fatty pads of synovial joints? Location function?

Answer 31

Adipose tissue cushion between the fibrous outer layer of capsul and synovial membrane or bone. Increase support for joint

Question 32

What is a tendon

Answer 32

Attaches muscle to bone

Question 33

Name the 4 range of motions allowed by synovial joints (ROM)

Answer 33

Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial

Question 34

What are the 3 general Types of movements allowed by synovial joints

Answer 34

Gliding movements Angular movements Rotational movements

Question 35

What is non-axial movement

Answer 35

Slipping movement

Question 36

What is uniaxial movement

Answer 36

Movement in one plane

Question 37

What does biaxial movement?

Answer 37

Movement in 2 planes

Question 38

What is multiaxial movement?

Answer 38

Movement in or around all 3 planes

Question 39

Explain flexion/ extension. What is the range of motion? And given an example

Answer 39

Uniaxial movement Ex: elbow or knee Flexion: decrease angle between joint Extension: decrease angle between joint

Question 40

What is hyperextension?

Answer 40

Extension past anatomical position or normal extension

Question 41

Explain abduction/adduction. What is the range of motion? And given an example

Answer 41

Uniaxial Ex: raising/lower arms Abduction : movement away from midline Adduction movement towards midline

Question 42

Explain circumduction. What is the range of motion? And given an example

Answer 42

Multiaxial at shoulder Draw base of cone in space

Question 43

Explain lateral (external)/ medial (Internal) rotation. What is the range of motion? And given an example

Answer 43

Uniaxial Lateral (External) Rotation: rotation away from midline Medial (internal) Rotation: rotation toward midline

Question 44

Explain Supination/ Pronation. What is the range of motion? And given an example

Answer 44

Specific to forearms Supination: palms facing interior or superior Pronation: palms facing posterior

Question 45

Explain Elevation/ Depression? And given an example

Answer 45

Used to describe the jaw movement Elevation: bite down- mandible is elevated Depression : opening mouth- mandible is depressing (down)

Question 46

Explain Protraction/ Retraction? And given an example

Answer 46

Example is jaw in over/ under bite Protraction: joint moves anterior and transverse plane Retraction : joint moves, posteriorly, and transverse plane

Question 47

Explain opposition. And given an example

Answer 47

Ability to touch thumb to pinky

Question 48

Explain Inversion/ Eversion? And given an example

Answer 48

Specific to the foot and describes the location of the ball of the foot Inversion : ball of foot inwards Eversion: ball of foot outwards

Question 49

Explain dorsiflexion/ Plantarflexion? And given an example

Answer 49

Specific to the foot Dorsiflexion: toes toward sky (dorsal side of foot) Plantar flexion: toes toward floor (plantar side of foot)

Question 50

What are the types of synovial joints

Answer 50

Prince Charles Stole His Game Ball Pivot Condylar Saddle Hinge Gliding Ball and socket

Question 51

Explain gliding joints (Plane joints) with location function, example, and freedom of movement

Answer 51

Bones slide over each other (flat bones) Flat articular surfaces Amphiarthrotic (slight movement) Ex: carpals and tarsels; acromioclavicular joint

Question 52

Explain gliding joints (Plane joints) with location function, example, and freedom of movement

Answer 52

Bones slide over each other (flat bones) Flat articular surfaces Amphiarthrotic (slight movement) Ex: carpals and tarsels

Question 53

Explain Hinge joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

Answer 53

Bone with convex surface fits into concave depression of other bone. Uniaxial Flexion and extension only Ex: elbow and knee

Question 54

Explain Pivot joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

Answer 54

One bone has projection that fits into ring like ligament of another Uniaxial Medial/lateral rotation only Ex: Atlantoaxial joint, C1-C2

Question 55

Explain Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

Answer 55

Convex surface of one bone fits into concave depression of the other bone Biaxial flexion/extension, abduction/addiction Ex: metacarpal phalangeal joint

Question 56

Explain Saddle joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

Answer 56

Articular surface shaped like saddle, concave in both directions. Biaxial Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction Metacarpo carpal joint

Question 57

Explain Ball and Socket joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

Answer 57

Roundhead fits within cuplike depression. (Least stable= most mobility) Multi axial Ex: hip, shoulder All movements and rotations

Question 58

Explain Ball and Socket joints with location function, example, and freedom of movement. And rang of motion (Uniaxial, biaxial…)

Answer 58

Roundhead fits within cuplike depression. (Least stable= most mobility) Multi axial Ex: hip, shoulder All movements and rotations