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Anatomy (BIO 201) > Module 1 Exam > Flashcards

Module 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Identity, and provide location and function of hyaline cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

provide support, ends of long bones, respitory airways, Costal (ribs)

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2
Q

Identity, and provide location and function of Fibrous cartilage

A

Fibrous cartilage

absorb shock in joints, Intervetebral discs (IVD), meniscus

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3
Q

Identity, and provide location and function of Elastic cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage

provide flexible elastic support, outside ears and epiglottis

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4
Q

Describe the extracellular composition/matrix of bone. Describe the organic and inorganic components and their general function.

A

Organic component- Collagen, gives tensile strength and flexibility

Inorganic component- Hydroxyapatite: gives bone hardness and resistance of compression

1/3 collagen 2/3 hydroxyapatite crystals

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5
Q

Define osteogenic/osteoprogenitor.

A

Osteoprogenitor- stems cells of bones, turn into osteoblasts

Osteogenic- originating in bone

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6
Q

Define osteocyte.

A

Osteocyte- maintain matrix, trapped in lacunae in middle of bone

Osteocytes play a crucial role in bone remodeling.

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7
Q

Define osteoblast.

A

Osteoblast- bone building cells, store calcium in bones

Osteoblasts are essential for the formation of new bone tissue.

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8
Q

Define osteoclast.

A

Osteoclast- break down bone to maintain calcium and bone homeostasis

Osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue.

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9
Q

Is bone innervated? Is it vascular? List and describe the functions of bone.

A

Innervated- yes, Vascular- yes,

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10
Q

Where do you find red and yellow marrow, and what are their functions?

A

Red marrow: hematopoetic, found in epiphyses of long bone and Dipole of flat bones

Yellow marrow: Fat storage (adipose tissue), found in medullary cavity of compact bone.

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11
Q

Define diploe.

A

Dipole: where spongey bone is found in flat bones

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12
Q

What is the function of bone

A

Function- Support, Protect, create blood, store fat, mineral storage, movement

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13
Q

Function, appearance Spongey bone

A

Creats RBC, trabecular in appearance, provides strength, lightweight

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14
Q

Define Canaliculi

A

Little canals go through layers of bone for waste/ nutrient exchange

Little canals go through layers of bone for waste/ nutrient exchange

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15
Q

Define Central Haversian canal

A

Tunnel through middle of Osteon that holds veins and nerve fibers.

Tunnel through middle of Osteon that holds veins and nerve fibers.

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16
Q

Define Perforating Volkmann’s canal

A

Connect haversian canals. contain blood vessels that provide the osteocytes with waste/nutrient exchange

Connect haversian canals. contain blood vessels that provide the osteocytes with waste/nutrient exchange

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17
Q

Define Osteon

A

Functional and structural unit of compact bone

Functional and structural unit of compact bone

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18
Q

Define Lamellae

A

Rings that surround the haversian canal

Rings that surround the haversian canal

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19
Q

Define Osteocytes in lacunae

A

Responsible for maintaining the matrix

Responsible for maintaining the matrix

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20
Q

Define Wolff’s Law

A

Bones grow and remodel in response to forced placed apon it. After injury, placing specific stress in specific places of the bone can help it remodel and become healthy again.

Bones grow and remodel in response to forced placed apon it. After injury, placing specific stress in specific places of the bone can help it remodel and become healthy again.

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21
Q

What are the two method of ossification?

A

IntraMembranous ossification
Endochondrial ossification

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22
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Turning mesenchymal (stem cells) into osteoblasts to create bone. Only Clavicals and skull bones

Example sentence: Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification.

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23
Q

What bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

A

Only Clavicals and skull bones

No additional information.

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24
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

At 2 months starts turning Hylain cartilage into bone. Every bone below skull and not the clavicals.

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25
Interstitial bone growth
Grows length of bone by epiphyseal plates ## Footnote Example: Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plates.
26
Appositional bone growth
Grows width of bone by osteoblasts and osteoclasts ## Footnote Example: Osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone.
27
Name the 4 main classifications of bones according to their shape.
Long- femur Short- carpul Flat- sternum Irregular- vertebre
28
Condyle
rounded articular projection ## Footnote Example: The condyle of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
29
Fossa
shallow depression, often serves as articular surface ## Footnote Example: The glenoid fossa of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.
30
Foramen
Hole through bone to allow vessels and nerves ## Footnote Example: The foramen magnum allows the spinal cord to pass through the skull.
31
Fissure
narrow slitlike opening ## Footnote Example: The superior orbital fissure allows the passage of nerves and blood vessels to the eye.
32
Meatus
Canal-like passageway ## Footnote Example: The external acoustic meatus leads from the external ear to the eardrum.
33
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton and what bones make them up
Axial skeleton- head, vetebral column, thoracic cage Appendicular skeleton- arms and legs
34
Define mineralization
Process were calcium and other minerals get taken from the blood and deposited into bone
35
Define mineral resorption, and what cell type is responsible for it.
Process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood. Osteoclasts use hydrochloric acid to ## Footnote Example sentence: Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone during mineral resorption.
36
Describe the importance of Calcium.
Small changes in homeostasis= changes in cellular function Large changes in homeostasis= convulsions and death ## Footnote Additional information: Calcium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including muscle contraction and nerve function.
37
Describe the location of the thyroid gland.
Thyroid gland located below adams apple (Larynx).
38
Describe the location of the parathyroid glands.
4 Parathyroids, 2 on each side of posterior thyroid
39
What is calcitriol? Where do you get it from? What is its effect on blood calcium levels?
Vitamin D, produced by epidermal cells when exposed to sun, Raises blood calcium levels ## Footnote
40
Define hypocalcemia.
Hypocalcemia= Low blood calcium; overly excited nervous system leads to muscle spasms ## Footnote
41
Define hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia= Excessive blood calcium; high calcium in blood leads to less responsive ion channels causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest ## Footnote
42
What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia? What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
less responsive ion channels causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest ## Footnote
43
What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia? What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
overly excited nervous system leads to muscle spasms. Convulsions, arrhythmias, tetany, spasms ## Footnote
44
Listen, describe the characteristics of the necessary life functions and survival needs
Maintain boundaries- separation between inside and outside down to the cellular level Movement -even cells need to keep moving Responsiveness -bodies ability to respond to stimulus Digestion -digest food for nutrients Metabolism -catabolism and anabolism Disposal of waste - pee Reproduction - carry on life Growth- single cell to human
45
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of structure ## Footnote Example sentence: The anatomy of the human heart is complex.
46
What is Gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is macroscopic (stuff you can see) ## Footnote Example sentence: In gross anatomy class, students dissected a cadaver.
47
What is Physiology?
Physiology is the study of function of the body ## Footnote Example sentence: Understanding the physiology of muscles helps in designing effective workouts.
48
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the study of structure ## Footnote Example sentence: The anatomy of the human heart is complex.
49
What is Gross anatomy?
Gross anatomy is macroscopic (stuff you can see) ## Footnote Example sentence: In gross anatomy class, students dissected a cadaver.
50
What is Physiology?
Physiology is the study of function of the body ## Footnote Example sentence: Understanding the physiology of muscles helps in designing effective workouts.
51
List of six levels of structural organization of the human body and give an example of each
Chemical/molecular- water Cellular - muscle cells Tissue -muscle tissue Organs - heart System - cardiovascular system Organism - human
52
Describe anatomical position
Standing straight, facing forward, arms side with palms facing forward, dumbs away from body
53
Name the major body cavities and give an example
Cranial cavity- brain Spinal cavity - spine Thoracic cavity - heart Abdominal cavity - stomach, spleen Pelvic cavity - urinary/ reproductive organs
54
Plasma membrane
polar hydrophilic head, nonpolar hydrophobic tail ## Footnote Example sentence: The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and controls what enters and exits.
55
Fluid mosaic
membrane that has proteins and is soft and pliable, not just lipid bilayer ## Footnote Example sentence: The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane.
56
Protein island
transport proteins ## Footnote Example sentence: Protein islands help molecules move across the membrane.
57
Cholesterol
increases membrane stability and flexibility ## Footnote Example sentence: Cholesterol helps maintain the integrity of the cell membrane.
58
Tight junction
joins tissue types together, prevent fluid movement between cells, epithelial cells ## Footnote Example sentence: Tight junctions play a crucial role in maintaining the barrier function of epithelial tissues.
59
Desmosomes
holds cells tight together, found in cardiac tissue and epithelia, provide flexibility between cell ## Footnote Example sentence: Desmosomes are important for the structural integrity of tissues like the heart.
60
Gap junctions
tunnels for small molecules to pass, electrical signals, cardiac and smooth muscle ## Footnote Example sentence: Gap junctions allow for rapid communication between cells in tissues like the heart.
61
Diffusion
Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration ## Footnote No additional information
62
Osmosis
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration ## Footnote No additional information
63
Solute
Thing getting dissolved (proteins, ions) ## Footnote No additional information
64
Solvent
Thing doing dissolving (water) ## Footnote No additional information
65
Osmotic Pressure
Pressure from solute to suck water to other side ## Footnote No additional information
66
Osmolarity
How much solute in water ## Footnote No additional information
67
Tonicity
Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume ## Footnote No additional information
68
Active transport
Uses energy ## Footnote No additional information
69
Passive transport
Uses concentration gradient to move from high concentration to low concentration ## Footnote No additional information
70
Cotransporter
Transport more than 1 substance at a time ## Footnote No additional information
71
Antiporter
Transport 2 substances in opposite directions ## Footnote No additional information
72
Symporter
Transport 2 substances in the same direction ## Footnote No additional information
73
Exocytosis
Transport out of cell. Hormone secretion, NT release, mucus secretion ## Footnote *Example: Vesicles releasing neurotransmitters at synapse
74
Endocytosis
Transport into cell ## Footnote *Example: Uptake of nutrients by cells
75
Phagocytosis
Engulfs solids and brings into cell ## Footnote *Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria
76
Pinocytosis
Drinking EC fluid to dissolve fluids in cell ## Footnote *Example: Absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells
77
Na/K pump
3Na out for 2K in ## Footnote *Example: Maintaining resting membrane potential in neurons
78
Describe what would happen to a red blood cell if placed in a hypotonic solution
Water rushes in, solute rushes out, and the cell will burst
79
Describe what would happen to a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution
Water will rush out, solute will rush in, and the cell was shrivel (crenation)
80
Define homeostasis and give an example
Maintaining stable, internal and external conditions, despite changes in the environment
81
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Form boundaries and cover things, Protection, sensory reception, Diffusion, lining internal and external surfaces and in glands ## Footnote Example: Skin forms a protective barrier.
82
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Binding & support, Protect, Insulate, fuel reserve, transport blood. Mesenchyme, vascular and ECM. ## Footnote Example: Blood provides transport for nutrients.
83
What are the types of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood ## Footnote Example: Cartilage provides cushioning in joints.
84
What is the function of muscular tissue?
Contractions for movement. Heart, skeletal bones, blood vessels ## Footnote Example: Skeletal muscles allow for voluntary movements.
85
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
Striated, multinucleated ## Footnote Example: Skeletal muscle is attached to bones for movement.
86
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
1 nucleus, intercalated discs, striated ## Footnote Example: Cardiac muscle forms the walls of the heart.
87
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
Nonstriated, 1 nucleus ## Footnote Example: Smooth muscle lines the walls of blood vessels.
88
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Communication. Brain, spinal cord. Nerve cells ## Footnote Example: Nerve cells transmit electrical signals.
89
What is the function of Mucous Membrane?
Produce mucous and reduce friction. ## Footnote Found in Repitory and digestive system. Uses cilia to move mucous.
90
Where is the Serous membrane found?
Around organs. ## Footnote Function to protect and hold in place. Parietal layer= lines cavity space outer layer. Visceral layer= covers internal organs. Serous fluid= reduce friction and found between parietal and visceral layers.
91
What is the Cutaneous Membrane?
Skin. Protection. Areolar. Dermis of skin
92
What is the function of Synovial membrane?
Shock absorption
93
Carpal
Wrist
94
Palmer
Palm
95
Pollex
Thumb
96
Patellar
Knee cap
97
Crural
Shin
98
pedal
Foot
99
Tarsal
Ankle
100
Digits
Toes
101
Femoral
Femur/ thigh
102
Inguinal
Groin
103
Pelvic
Pelvis
104
Pubic
Pubis
105
Cephalic
Head
106
Cervical
Neck
107
Plantar
Sole of foot
108
Calcaneal
Heel
109
Sural
Calf
110
Popliteal
Back of knee
111
Gluteal
Buttock
112
Lumbar
Lower back (loin)
113
Olecranal
Back of elbow
114
Dorsal
Back
115
Acromial
Shoulder
116
Cranial
Skull
117
Facial
Face
118
Oral
Mouth
119
Mental
Chin
120
Axillary
Arm pit
121
Brachial
Arm
122
Antecubital
Front of elbow
123
Umbilical
Naval (belly button)
124
Abdominal
Abdomen
125
Mammary
Breast
126
Thoracic
Thorax / chest
127
Buccal
Cheek
128
Optic
Ear
129
Ocular/ orbital
Eye
130
Nasal
Nose
131
Frontal
Forehead
132
Where is calcitonin produced?
C cells of thyroid
133
What does the parathyroid glands produce?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
134
If blood calcium levels are too high how does the body react?
Thyroid produces calcitonin to decrease blood calcium levels
135
If blood calcium levels are too low how does the body react?
Parathyroid glands produce parathyroid, hormone and calcitriol from the skin work to increase blood calcium levels

Anatomy (BIO 201) (16 decks)

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