Exam 4 Flashcards
ANS, Sensory Physiology, Vision, Hearing (154 cards)
1
Q
Difference between Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Somatic Nervous System
A
ANS- Involuntary control
Somatic Nervous System- Voluntary control
2
Q
What are general properties of the ANS
A
Visceral Motor division
Control glands, cardiac and smooth muscles
Regulates unconscious processes to maintain homeostasis
3
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the ANS
A
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
4
Q
Difference between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
A
Sympathetic- Fight or flight response; increase HR, BP, airflow, blood glucose…
Parasympathetic- Rest and digest; calming, digestion and waste elimination, body maintenance
5
Q
what is Autonomic tone
A
normal rate of activity for both sympathetic and parasympathetic to maintain homeostasis
6
Q
Explain what happens during a Visceral Reflex
A
Receptor detect stimulus, Afferent neuron sends signal to CNS, Efferent neuron sends signal back to effectors in PNS (glands/muscles), ANS MODIFIES effector activity (increase/decrease) in response
7
Q
What is the White Rami Communcanta
A
Myelinated communication structure in PREganglionic neurons
8
Q
what is Gray Rami Communicans
A
Unmyelinated communication structure in Postganglionic neurons
9
Q
Preganglionic neuron vs postganglionic neuron
A
Pre- from CNS out to ganglia, White myelinated rami
Post- from synapse neuron to target organ, Gray unmyelinated rami
10
Q
What division of the CNS does Sympathetic response
A
ThoracoLumbar division (T1-L2)
11
Q
What division of the CNS does Parasympathetic response
A
CranioSacral Division
12
Q
What is the sympathetic trunk/ Sympathetic chain ganglia
A
Place where pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse in ANS
13
Q
What are the properties of Pre and post ganglionic neurons in Sympathetic division
A
Pre- short, and run from CNS to ganglion trunk
Post- long, run from ganglion to effector organ
14
Q
where does synapse between pre and post ganglionic nerves occur in sympathetics
A
sympathetic trunk
15
Q
for parasympathetics distinguish characteristics between Pre and Post ganglionic nerves
A
Pre- long, run from CNS to ganglionic trunk
Post- short, run from ganglionic trunk to effector organs
16
Q
Why is pre ganglionic neurons short in Sympathetics and long in parasympathetics
A
Because the Parasympathetics division is the CranioSacral area of the CNS so it has a longer way to travel to reach sympathetic trunk (on both sides of the vertebra) then the Sympathetics do being in the Thoraco Lumbar division of the CNS
17
Q
Sympathetic Division
A
Fight/ flight response, expend energy
Preganglionic neuron= short
Thoracolumbar region
Synapse at sympathetic trunk
4 pathways of preganglionic fibers
18
Q
What is the route UP TO the white rami communicans for sympathetics
A
Lateral horn of gray matter-> Ventral Horn-> Ventral Root-> Mixed spinal nerve -> ventral Ramus-> White Rami Communicans
19
Q
What are the pathways of neurons in the sympathetic pathways after synapsing at the sympathetic trunk
A
- Preganglionic neuron will enter the sympathetic trunk, synapse at same spot and leave as post ganglionic neuron. (enter at T3 leave at T3)
- Enter sympathetic trunk and move 1-2 ganglia higher/lower, synapse and leave at new position. (enter T3 leave T1)
- Doesn’t synapse at sympathetic trunk, continues to Abdominal aorta, synapse with collateral/ prevertebral ganglia. Exits as postganglionic nerve to innervate digestive, urinary and reproductive organs.
- Preganglionic neuron travels through sympathetic trunk and through abdominal aorta to Adrenal Medulla in Adrenal gland and synapses to release Epinephrine and norepinephrine
20
Q
What is a Splanchnic nerve
A
Preganglionic neuron that has traveled through the sympathetic trunk and synapses with a collateral/ pre vertebral ganglia
21
Q
What are the 3 Collateral Ganglia/ Prevertebral ganglia and where are they found
A
All found in abdominal aorta
Celliac ganglion
Superior Mesenteric ganglion
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
22
Q
What neurotransmitters are released in Sympathetic nervous system
A
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
23
Q
What Neurotransmitter is released in Parasympathetic nervous system
A
Acetylcholine
24
Q
What Neurotransmitter is released in Somatic Nervous System
A
Acetylcholine
25
Define Cholinergic fibers and in which division of the ANS is it used
Release Acetylcholine (ACH)
ach released for both PREganglionic neurons in parasympathetic and Sympathetic; AND at the POSTganglionic neuron for only Parasympathetics
26
Define Adrenergic
releases Epinephrine (EPI) and Norepinephrine (NE)
EPI, and NE only released at POSTganglionic synapse in Sympathetic nervous system
27
Characteristics of Parasympathetics
Rest and Relax
Conserve energy
Cranial nerves (III,VII,IX,X)
DOES NOT INNERVATE SKIN OR BLOOD VESSELS
S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves
CranioSacral division
Postganglionic fibers=short
28
What is Cranial Nerve III (3) do
responsible for pupil and pupil diameter
29
What do cranial nerves VII, IX do
Involved in glands-> dry mouth salivate
30
What does cranial nerve X do
Vagus nerve
Innervate everything below neck. Heart, lungs, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestines...
31
Nicotinic receptors
Parasympathetic receptor for Acetylcholine
Somatic (voluntary skeletal).
Excitatory for skeletal muscles (contract)
31
what is the significance of the adrenal medulla
Located within adrenal gland.
Secrests Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
Enhance fight/flight response
32
Muscarinic receptors
found in heart
Parasympathetic receptor for ACH
Relaxes heart rate, slow down BP
HR and BP
33
What is Alpha 1 receptor
Blood vessels in skin and digestive organs
Sympathetic receptors stimulated by NE and Epi.
Stimulatory response =>Constrict smooth muscles and blood vessels
34
What are alpha 2 receptors
found on blood vessels going to skeletal muscles
Sympathetic receptors stimulated by NE and Epi
Inhibitory response=> dilate blood vessels in skeletal muscle
35
What are Beta 1 receptors. What compound is a Beta 1 blocker
Found on heart
Sympathetic receptors stimulated by NE and Epi
Stimulatory Response=> Increase HR and BP
Propanolol is Beta 1 blocker=> slow HR and BP
36
What is a Beta 2 receptor
Found in Bronchioles of lungs
Inhibitory response->Dilate bronchioles for more air intake
Sympathetic receptors innervated by Epi ONLY
37
what is the sympathetic and parasympathetic response in abdominal cutaneous blood vessels
Sympathetic- decrease Blood flow by constricting vessels via Alpha 1 receptors
Parasympathetic- No response. Parasympathetics don't innervate skin or blood vessels
38
What is Vasomotor tone
Blood vessels surrounded by smooth muscles will constrict/dilate based on tissue need (more or less blood)
39
Function of the Hypothalamus in regards to the nervous system?
Control Autonomic NS (parasympathetics and sympathetics) as well as the Endocrine system
40
What is the function of the Adrenal Medulla
Within the Sympathetic nervous system, causes the release of Epi and NE. Enhances a response
41
What is the function of the urinary bladder with the ANS
Sympathetics- causes bladder walls to relax and sphincter contract
Parasympathetics- Causes bladder walls contract and sphincter relax
42
what drug blocks Muscarinic
Atropine=> Found on receptors in the heart
increases HR and BP
43
What drug blocks Nicotinic Receptors
Curare
Receptors found on skeletal muscles. Causes Paralysis
44
Sensation
Sate of external/ internal awareness
45
Characteristics of sensation
Projection, adaption, afterimages, modality
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modality
type of stimulus (pain, temp)
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Adaptation
Look at image, look away and still see image
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what type of stimulus info can be conveyed
modality, location of stimuli, intensity, duration
49
Chemoreceptors
Chemical receptors, Taste and smell
50
Thermoreceptors
temp internal and at skin
51
Nociceptors
Pain Receptors
52
Mechanoreceptors
Touch receptors, need to be physically deformed for stimulus
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Baroreceptors
Blood pressure receptors in aeorta and coratids
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Photoreceptors
Visual receptors
55
What receptors detect internal stimuli like HR, BP,pH
Enteroreceptors
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what receptors are found in muscles, joints, tendons and give the body a sense of position
Proprioreceptors
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What receptors sense stimuli external to the body
Externoreceptors
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What are the 2 ways receptors are distributed
General sense- Widely distributed, associated with skin; pain, temp, touch
Special senses- Vision, taste, Hearing
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Do large receptor fields have low sensitivity or high sensitivity
Low Sensitivity (on back)
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DO small receptor fields have low sensitivity or high sensitivity
High sensitivity (fingers, and toes)
61
What is the 2 point discrimination test
2 prongs close together, slowly moved apart until you can feel both prongs. Used to determine where 2 receptors are
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What Is lateral inhibition
Inhibit receptor next to chosen receptor
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What are Meissner's corpuscles
receptors sensitive to light touch, and low frequency vibration
64
What sensations do the hair root plexus respond to
Sensitive to light touch
65
Free nerve endings
Respond to pain, TEMP, itch, joint movement
66
Pacinian corpuscles
Receptors deep in dermis. Detect deep pressure, vibrations and proprioreception
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What is referred pain
Perceived pain location isn't where pain is actually coming from
68
What are the special senses
Taste,smell,hearing,touch,vision,equilibrium
69
What are proprioreceptors
Sense the body in space
70
Tendon organs (Golgi tendon organs)
Location in junction where muscles and tendons join. Monitor contractions; inhibit motor neurons to decrease contractions
71
Olfaction
smell receptors,
Nasal mucosa, olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, Olfactory tract, temporal lobe
Olfactory senses DONT travel to thalamus
LIMBIC SYSTEM= emotional response to odors
72
Gustation
Taste receptors
5 taste sensations: Sweet, Bitter, Salty, Sour, Umami
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Which sensory nerve are used for taste
CN VII (Facial) anterior 2/3 of tongue
CN IX (glyssopharangeal) posterior 1/3 tongue
CN X (Vagus) back of mouth
74
What is the pathways for gustation
1 of 3 Sensory nerves, brain stem, thalamus, parietal lobe
75
What is vision
Perception of light reflected from objects un the environment
76
function of choroid
Absorb excess light
77
function of silary body
Smooth muscle changes shape of lens
78
Function of lens
Focus image onto retina
79
function of iris
Maintain shape of pupil
80
what is the Tunica Fibrosa
Outer layer (Outer tunic) of the eye. Made of the sclera and the cornea
81
What is the Tunica Vasculosa
Middle layer (middle tunic) of the eye. Made of Choroid, Cilary body, Iris, and pupil
82
What is the Tunica Interna/ Nervous tunic
Inner layer (inner tunic) of the eye. Made of retina and optic nerve
83
Function of fovea centralis
Focal point of the eye. Highest density of cones.
84
Function of Optic Disc
Where optic nerve exits eye. Also know as blind spot bc no receptors found here
85
what are the 2 types of photoreceptors
Rods and Cones
86
What is the function of Rods
Black and white vision
Used in low light
Low visual acuity (not very clear image)
87
What is the function of cones
Used in bright light
Clear images
most found around fovea centralis
Red, blue, green cones
88
What is the Macula of the eye
Area where the focal point is located
89
what is Aqueous Humor
a water based solution in the ANTERIOR CAVITY of the eye.
Maintain intraoccular pressure and holds retina in place.
90
What is Vitreous Humor
water based liquid Located in the Posterior cavity of the eye and is used to maintain intraoccular pressure
91
what is the tarsal plate
Firmness of superior and inferior eyelid
92
Medical term for eyelid
Palpebre
93
what is the function of the tarsal Meibomian
Secrete fluid at ends of the tarsal plate (top and bottom of eyelid) to prevent the eye from sticking
94
Where is the Lateral and medial canthus (commissure) located
media and lateral corners of the eye
95
What is the Caruncle of the eye
fleshy area at medial commissure, where eye boogers form
96
What are Sebaceous ciliary glands
Glands around eyelashes that secrete oil ad promote eyelash health and prevent eyelashes from sticking
97
What is the conjunctiva of the eyeball
Inner eyelid, helps keep eye moist. 2 parts Palpebra conjunctiva and Bulbar conjunctiva
98
What is the Lacrimal pathway
Lacrimal gland, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canal, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity
99
What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus
Crying, moisture, immune fighting
100
Function of lacrimal glands
found superior lateral to eyebrow, produce tears that sweep across eye to lacrimal punctum
101
Emmetropia
normal vision
102
Refraction
Bending of light
occur when light passes through at any angle other than 90*
Takes place at cornea
performed by lens
103
What kind of lens to human have on their eyes
Biconvex lens
104
Myopic eye
Nearsighted
105
Hyperopic eye
farsighted
106
Emmetropic
normal visin
107
What happens to the lens for distant vision
Lens will flatten
108
What happens to the lens for close vision
Lens will bulge
109
what accommodation can occur in vision to make vision more clear
Pupils constrict- limiting light
Eyeball converge- cross-eye
110
what part of the brain control voluntary eye movement (fixation)
Frontal lobe ( premotor area)
111
What part of the brain controls involuntary fixation (movement)
Superior collulicus of midbrain. (reflex part)
112
What is Binocular vision
What humans have. Give greatest depth perception
113
What is Diplopia
Double vision
114
What Is Strabismus
Lazy eye
115
Rhodopsin
Visual pigment of rod cells
2 major parts: Protein Opsin and Retinal
116
What are Bipolar cells
1st order neurons
Communicate with Photoreceptors (rods and cons)
Synapse with ganglion cells
117
What are Ganglion Cells
2nd order neurons
their axons form the optic nerve
118
what are Horizontal and Amacrine cells
Supportive cells to bipolar and ganglion cells
119
Describe visual acuity test
Snellen eye chart (close 1 eye, what letter do you see)
20/20= normal
10/20= nearsighted
25/20= Farsighted
120
Describe the Pupillary reflex
Flashlight in eye causes PNS to constrict pupils
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what is direct / Ipsilateral pupillary reflex
pupil same side as flashlight will constrict
122
What is indirect/ Contralateral pupillary reflex
Both pupils constrict when flashlight in 1 eye
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What is the visual Pathway
Optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, thalamus, occipital lobe
124
Medical name for outer ear
"Auricle" / "Pinna"
125
Where are ceruminous glands found and what do they do
Found in the auditory canal and secrete Cerumin (ear wax)
126
name the 3 auditory Ossicles and what is their purpose
Transmit sound from outer ear to inner ear
Malleus-"Hammer"
Incus- "Anvil"
Stapes- "stirrup"
127
what are the parts of the middle ear
3 Ossicles
Oval Window
Round window
Auditory tube
Tympanic membrane
128
In which part of the ear is the auditory canal located
Outer ear
129
what is the function of the auditory tube
Opens from middle ear down to throat.
Equalizes air pressure on both sides of eardrum
Opens during swallowing or yawning
130
What are the main parts of the inner ear
Cochlea
Simu-circular canals
Osseous Labyrinth
Membranous labrynth
131
Cochlea
Found in inner ear , responsible for hearing
132
Semi-circular canals
Found in inner ear. Responsible for equilibrium
133
Osseous labyrinth
"bony labyrinth
Surrounds the Cochlea and semi-circular canals, filled with Perilymph
134
Membranous labrynth (cochlear duct)
membrane within osseous labyrinth filled with endolymph. Helps transmit sound waves
135
Vestibular membrane
Top part of membranous labyrinth, continues until apex of cochlea when its then considered basilar membrane
136
Basilar membrane
part of the membranous labyrinth starting at the apex of the cochlea
137
Spiral Organ (Organ of Corti)
hearing organ found inside cochlea that Contains hair receptors responsible for hearing found on top of the basilar membrane.
138
how are vibrations perceived as noise
Vibrations make their way to the endolymph inside the cochlea and vibrate the hairs of the organ of corti which we perceive as noise
139
Frequency
How often something is happening
140
Amplitude
Loudness of sound.
Tall amp.= loud sound
small amp.= softer sound
141
where is high vs low frequency perceived in the cochlea
high Frequency= base of cochlea
Low frequency= Apex of cochlea
142
What is the Tympanic reflex
a way of protecting the cochlea in response to loud and prolonged noise.
Designed for slowly building noise
Damage is irreversible
143
Explain how tympanic reflex works
Tensor Tympani (muscle connected to Malleus) pulls eardrum to reduce mobility of stapes thus reducing noise
144
what is the auditory pathway from sound to brain
sound-> Auricle(outer ear)->tympanic membrane->malleus->Incus->Stapes-> Oval Window-> Cochlea-> Perilymph-> cochlear duct(membranous labyrinth)-> endolymph-> organ of corti-> cranial nerve VIII (8)-> vestibularcochlear nerve-> Thalamus-> Temporal lobe
145
What controls equilibrium in our body
Vestibular Apparatus
146
Explain Vestibular apparatus
Broken down into 2 parts: Vestibule and Semi-circular canals.
Work together to maintain balance and equilibrium in body
147
Vestibule
Equilibrium in LINEAR movement (vertical and horizontal)
Pathways connecting to semi-circular canals
2 parts: Utricle: horizontal movements. Saccule: vertical movements
Otolithic membrane
148
What is the Macula
Houses receptors within Vestibule that help with equilibrium
149
What is the Otolithic Membrane
Jello like membrane within Vestibule that contains Otolith (ear crystals) that determine head position and equilibrium
150
Semi-circular canals
Help to maintain equilibrium
monitor movement in x,y,z plane (rotational movement)
2 parts: Crista Ampullaris
Cupula
151
Crista Ampullaris
Hair cells
in semi-circular canals
152
Cupula
Whole structure of Crista ampullaris, nerve connect to hair, and otolithic membrane all together.
Move with inertia or momentum (spinning).
Activated by endolymph moving in opposite direction as capula
when spinning; after stopping, capula keeps being pushed which causes dizziness
153
Dynamic whole body equilibrium
Balance and equilibrium involves input from all kinds go senses that work together to keep body upright, straight and not dizzy
