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401-101 > AT SGT Target Analysis > Flashcards

AT SGT Target Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Define an explosion.

A

A nuclear, chemical or physical process leading to a sudden release of energy.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of explosion?

A

Nuclear
Physical
Chemical

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3
Q

What is a blast?

A

Violent disruptive effect caused by heat, gas and a shock front out from the source of the explosion.

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4
Q

What are the blast phases?

A

Shock front
Positive pressure
Negative pressure

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5
Q

What is a blast wave reflection?

A

Blast wave is throw back at an angle to the original path

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6
Q

What is a blast wave diffraction?

A

Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle

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7
Q

What is rarefaction in the blast phases?

A

Low pressure following the high pressure - negative phase

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8
Q

What is the basic principle of a fuel air explosive?

A

Create an aerosol cloud of a fuel air mix which is detonated or ignited to burn to detonation.

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9
Q

List 6 fuels that can be used in FAE.

A

Acetylene
Butane
Ethylene oxide
Kerosene
Propylene oxide
Aluminum

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10
Q

What are 2 advantages of FAE?

A

Larger overpressure at greater distance
Little or no oxygen making 3-5 time hotter than HE

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11
Q

What is burn to detonation?

A

When an igniferous reaction flame front accelerates creating a shockwave detonating the substance.

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12
Q

What 4 factors effect velocity of detonation?

A

Density of charge
Charge diameter
Degree of confinement
Strength of detonator

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13
Q

What are 7 targets of FAE?

A

Structures
Concentrations of AFVs / SPGs
Parked aircraft
Mine clearance
Ships
Bunkers/trenches
Troops in open

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14
Q

Explain the probability of a kill formula.

A

Probability of a kill = Hit X Reliability X Lethallity as a percentage. 0.50 - 50%

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15
Q

What are the 3 damage levels when designing weapons?

A

Disable
Destroy
Neutralise

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16
Q

6 types of targets when designing weapons?

A

People
Vehicles
Equipment
Structures
Aircraft
Complex

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17
Q

What are the energy sources available to the weapons designer?

A

Kinetic energy - solid missile dissipates its energy impact that requires no triggering device.
Chemical energy - Potential energy is released at an optimal time and place.

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18
Q

What 4 ways are used to control fragmentation size?

A

Case material and mechanical properties
Thickness of wall
Quantity of explosive and position against fragmentation case
Velocity of detonation of the explosive

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19
Q

What are considered 3 key targets?

A

People
Armoured Vehicles
Aircraft in flight

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20
Q

What 3 ways are used to control the velocity of fragmentation?

A

Amount of explosive
Charge density and velocity of detonation
Density of wall material

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21
Q

What 3 ways are used to control distribution of fragmentation?

A

Spin rate will influence distribution, not pattern
Usually symmetrical about the axis
Angle of arrival

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22
Q

With energy transfer the severity of injury depends on 3 things?

A

Actual energy transferred
Rate of energy transferred
Tumbling/yawing reduces energy transfer

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23
Q

What are 3 factors affecting fragmentation energy transfer?

A

Fragment mass and velocity
Fragment cross sectional area
Stability of fragment to break up on impact

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24
Q

What are 3 major fragment producers?

A

Generic HE projectiles
Pre notched containers
Pre formed fragments

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25
What are the 6 standard criteria for aircraft damage? ?-Kill
KK - Immediate disintergration K - <10 seconds destroyed A - <5 min destroyed B - <5 hour defeat C - Mission not achieved E - Mission succeed repairs required
26
What are the 3 alternate criteria for aircraft damage?
Ft - Flight kill - "t" is seconds to permanently downed Ct - Continuance kill - unable to continue in "t" Et - Effectiveness kill - Grounded for "t" due to damage
27
What are 7 warheads used against aircraft in flight?
Blast - internal/external Fragmentation Fragmentation and blast Special kinetic - discrete rod/continuous rod Shape charge Sub projectiles Cluster
28
Fragmentation against flying aircraft are how inefficient?
80%
29
What are the 4 effects of altitude on blast?
Density - Lower dense air is less for the shockwave to pass through Attenuation - The blast is reduced with less air to push Miss distance - The same miss distance will have less effect Altitude increase = warhead increases to match original effect (figure of merit multiplier)
30
Aircraft fragmentation warheads there are 3 factors in the design.
Fragmentation Mass - size of pieces Fragmentation Pattern - fragment beams by different shapes Fragmentation Velocity -
31
List 7 types of armour?
Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA) Spaced Homogeneous Ply (welded homogeneous) Face hardened (tempered surface) Other Types Explosive reactive armour Composite Slat (bar)
32
What is the damage assessment criteria for armoured vehicles?
TANKS M - Mobility kill - F - Firepower kill - armament unable to be used K - Kill APC & MICV (extra) P - Payload - section onboard are incapable of fighting
33
What are 3 ways a shot can fail when striking armour plating?
Barreling Shattering Lateral bending
34
List 5 methods of delivery for attacks against armour?
Gun Missile Grenade Mines Aircraft bombs
35
What is the shattering shot failure on an AP round?
The projectile is hardened to avoid compression this can make it brittle. Too brittle and on impact stresses crack the nose causing it to break up or shatter.
36
5 ways to increase armour penetration on a kinetic shot?
Lengthen the barrel Rocket assistance Improve steadiness of shot (good sabot separation plays a role) Lengthen the projectile Segmented long rod segments
37
List the 5 factors affecting shaped charges.
Cone diameter Liner shape Liner material Stand off distance Rate of spin
38
What causes damage once a shaped charge has penetrated armour?
Unconsumed part of the jet Fragments of metal
39
Why are kinetic/chemical combination shells difficult to use against armour?
The nose fuze must survive the force of impact and penetrating the armour
40
What are the 4 behind armour effects (BAE)?
Luminescence Spalling Heat / Fires Overpressure
41
List 3 energy forms that are used in armoured attack?
Kinetic Chemical Combination
42
List 4 ways to minimise air resistance on kinetic projectiles?
Small cross sectional area High mass High velocity Aerodynamic design
43
What is the ratio for spin and fin stabilisation for AT kinetic rounds?
Spin 7 length to 1 diameter Fin 15 length to 1 diameter optimum
44
What is the formula for energy on target for kinetic rounds?
Velocity has greater effect than mass
45
What are these 5 AP round abbreviations APCBC APCR APCNR APDS-T APFSDS-T
Armour Piercing Capped Ballistic Capped Armour Piercing Composite Rigid - Dense core Armour Piercing Composite Non Rigid - reduction bore barrel Armour piercing discarding sabot trace Armour piercing fin stabilised discarding sabot trace
46
What are 2 types of discarding sabots?
Petal Pot
47
What is the princilple of shaped charges?
The energy from a high explosive charge focused to create an extremely high local energy. A liner is used to enhance this affect creating a jet or explosively formed projectile.
48
What are the 6 parts of a Munro effect shaped warhead?
49
List 3 ways to reduce spin on shaped charge projectiles?
Slipping driving bands Fluted liners Spin compensated liners
50
Explosively formed (plate) projectiles have what advantages over Munro effect warheads?
Less sensitive to variations in manufacture Stand off 1 diameter 1000 diameter standoff possible Insensitive to spin (disadvantage penetration only 1-2x diameter)
51
What are the principles of a HESH round against armour?
The projectile conforms to the armour plate before functioning maximizing the shockwave through the armour. The compression shock wave reaches the metal/air interface and a reflected tension wave bounces back. The compression and tension wave act against each other stressing the armour separating a high velocity scab inside the vehicle
52
Fill in the blanks.
53
What is the scab size and velocity from HESH round?
1 1/4 to 1 1/2 times it's own diameter at 30-130 meters per second.
54
Name 4 modifications of armour to defeating HESH rounds.
Spaced armour - Air gap between layers Skirting Plates - creates air gap Grooved - disrupts shock waves Explosive reactive armour - explosively disrupt shock wave
55
What 3 factors affect the performance of HESH rounds?
Calibre - Limits the thickness of armour it can defeat Angle of attack - Ricochets start around 65deg. 60deg can function Striking velocity - More velocity may function on impact before squashing
56
What are 2 secondary effects of HESH rounds?
Anti-personnel - fragmentation, shock wave Damage to sensitive equipment
57
What is Reverse Impact Detonation (RID) with HESH rounds?
Detonation occurs before the fuze functions generating the shockwave in the wrong direction.
58
What is the definition of a chemical explosion?
A material undergoes a sudden and rapid reaction producing large quantities of heat and gas and an associated violent blast wave.
59
What factors affect the vulnerability of personnel?
Attitude - Standing vs prone Protection - Buildings, PPE, Armoured vehicles
60
List 5 defensive aid suites that can be fitted to armour?
Sensor packages - Active/passive Counter measures Electro optic attack RF attack Decoys
61
What is a nuclear explosion?
A sudden release of enormous quantities of heat from a fission or fusion reaction.
62
What are 3 sub divisions of aircraft?
Fast moving aircraft Slow moving aircraft Helicopters
63
What are the vulnerable areas of an aircraft?
Avionics Fuel tanks and lines Crew Flight controls Airframe Engines Power transmission systems Payload/bombload

401-101 (34 decks)

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