AT2: Integumentary, Skeletal And Muscular System Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
Structure/ components of the integumentary system
A
- nails
-skin (3 layers) - hair
- glands (sudoriferous and sebaceous)
- ducts
2
Q
3 layers of the skin
A
Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
3
Q
Epidermis structure
A
-most superficial layer
4
Q
What does the epidermis contain/ not contain
A
- no hair root present
- no blood vessels/ sensory nerve endings present
- contains melanocytes and keratin
5
Q
What do melanocytes do
A
Produce melanin to absorb UV light
6
Q
What is the structure of the dermis and what does it contain?
A
Contains connective tissue and collagen interlaced with elastic fibres
Contains: blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, ducts, glands, hair, arrector pili muscle
7
Q
What is the subcutaneous tissue
A
Continuous layer of tissue composed of adipose and areolar tissue
8
Q
Functions of subcutaneous tissue
A
- to provide insulation
- to provide energy storage
- to absorb shock
9
Q
what does a first degree burn affect
A
Damages the epidermis
10
Q
What does a second degree burn affect
A
Epidermis and dermis
11
Q
What does a third degree burn affect
A
Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
12
Q
Protection function of integumentary system
A
To provide protection by acting as a barrier between the internal organ and external environment when the skin is intact
13
Q
Two types of barrier that provide protection
A
Mechanical- continuity of the skin, waterproofing (keratin), hardness of keratanized cells
Chemical- skin secretions e.g sebum lubricate skin to reduce friction, melanin is absorbed by harmful up rays and protect skin from sun damaged
14
Q
3 ways body regulates temp
A
- piloerection
- vasodilation and vasoconstriction
- sweat glands
15
Q
What happens when it is too cold-> piloerection
A
Arrector pili muscles contract-> causing hairs to stand up
Erect hairs traps air
Minimises heat loss via radiation-> increases body temp
16
Q
What happens when it is too cold-> vasoconstriction
A
Dermal blood vessels vasoconstrict-> conserve heat energy and minimises heat energy lost via radiation-> inc. body temperature
17
Q
What happens when it is too hot-> vasodilation
A
Dermal blood vessels vasoldilate-> increases blood flow to surface of the skin-> increases heat loss via radiation-> dec. body temp
18
Q
What happens when it is too hot-> sweating
A
-hair muscles relax and lie flat so heat can escape
- sweat is excreted by sweat glands. Cools skin by evaporation
19
Q
Vitamin d formation
A
Skin absorbs uv light which reacts with dehydrocholestrol to form vitamin d. This can then be used by skeletal system to form calcium, which strengthens bones
20
Q
Sebaceous glands
A
-secrete sebum/oil
-look bulge
-attach to a hair follicle
21
Q
Sudoriferous glands
A
-secrete sweat
-curly tube
22
Q
What are the two types of sudoriferous glands
A
- apocrine
-eccrine
23
Q
Apocrine sudoriferous glands
A
Open to a hair follicle
24
Q
Eccrine sudoriferous glands
A
Open to the skin/open to a pore
25
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands
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Homeostasis
The condition of relatively stable internal environment, maintained within narrow limits, in the face of external change
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Variables controlled by homeostasis
-HR
-body temp
-CO2
-blood glucose
- fluid balance
-blood pressure
-ions/electrolytes
-pH
28
General feedback loop
Stimulus-> receptor-> coordinator->effector-> response
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Structure of hair
Keratin filaments with a shaft and a root with an arrector pili muscle attached
30
What system do you always link receiving info and coordinating response to
Nervous system
31
Maintaining homeostasis-> when body temp is high:
Stimulus-> inc. body temp due to high environment temp/ exercise
Receptor-> thermorecpetos in skin detect in. Body temp and send message to brain
Coordinator-> brain (hypothalamus) coordinates response via message to effector
Effector-> sudoriferous glands stimulated to secrete more sweat
Response-> body cools/ dec. in body temp due to heat loss via evaporation
-> body temp= WNL
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Negative feedback loop
A reaction in which the system responds to produce change in the opposite direction to the stimulus-> maintenance
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What happens when body temp falls
Body temp falls
Blood vessels vasoconstriction to conserve heat energy. Sudoriferous glands do not secrete sweat. Shivering occurs-> generates heat-> warms up the body
Heat is retained
Body temp= wnl
34
What are bones mostly made of?
Protein collagen-> forms a soft framework
Calcium phosphate-> hardens the framework, gives bones strength
35
What happens when body temp rises
Body temp rises
Blood vessels vasoldiate-> heat loss via radiation
Sudoriferous glands secrete sweat via evaporation
Heat is lost
Normal body temp
36
Types of bone tissue
Cancellous/spongy
Compact/cortical
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Compact/cortical bone
A hard outer layer that is dense, strong and durable
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Where is there space for blood vessels in bone- compact or cancellous
Cancellous
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Function of osteoblasts
To build new bones and repair older bones
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Cancellous/spongy bone
Network of trabeculae or rod like structures
Lighter, less dense and more flexible than compact bone
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Function of osteoclasts
To breakdown bone and help remodel injured bone and to create pathways for nerves and blood vessels to travel trhough
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Osteopenia
Deficiency of bone cells-> deficiency of production of bone
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Osteoporosis
Decreases bone density-> decreased strength of bones
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Functions of bones
To protect organs and provide structure
To produce movement
To provide boundary
To produce blood cells
To store minerals
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Function of bone: to protect organs and provide structure
-to provide support e.g vertebrae provides support to maintain posture
-to protect organs e.g sternum protects the heart
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Function of bone: to produce movement
To provide a site for muscles to attach to, allowing muscles to pull on bones to create movement e.g biceps brachii attaches to radius and ulna
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Function: to provide boundary
To provide a boundary to the thoracic, pelvic and cranial cavities
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Function: to produce red blood cells
To produce red blood cells and other blood cells e.g WBCs and platelets
Haemopoiesis (blood formation)
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Function of bone: to store minerals
Calcium-> strengthen bones with vitamin D
Phosphorus-> strengthen bones and teeth-> maintain acid base balance
Sodium and potassium -> fluid balance, nerve transmission
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Health implications of poor bone development
May lead to osteoporosis-> inc. weak/porous bones-> inc. risk of fractures
May result in insufficienct protection of organs-> inc. susceptibility to damage of internal organs
May lead to mineral deficiency e.g calcium-> impact blood pressure and nerve function
51
Long bone structure
Longer than they are wide
2 extremities(epiphysis) and a shaft (diaphysis)
52
Function of osteocytes
To maintain connection and communication with other osteocytes and osteoblasts
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Arrector pili muscle
Bundles of smooth muscle fibres that are attached to each hair follicle
54
Functions of hair
- to regulate body temp (piloerection)
- to protect (against sunburn -scalp, debris+dust- eyelashes and foreign particles- nostrils
To provide sensory info- vestibular system in inner ear detects head mvmts
55
Nails structure
Hard keratin plates that protect the tips of both the fingers and the toes
56
Eponychium
Cuticle
57
Hyponychium
Below nail
58
Pericnychium
Around nail
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Function of nail
To serve as protective plates that help prevent the skin of the fingers and toes from getting cut during activity
To enhance sensation
60
Duct
Pathway for sebum/sweat
61
Pore
Opening to the skin
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Location of red bone marrow
In the spongy bone of a long bone
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What does red marrow do
Produces red blood cells
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Location of yellow bone marrow
Medullary cavity of a long bone
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What does yellow bone marrow do
Produces white blood cells and platelets
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Short bones structure
Similar length and width
Roughly cubicle
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Short bones e.g
Carpals, tarsals
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Irregular bones structure
Have no regular shape or characteristics
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Irregular bones e.g
Vertebrae, maxilla, mandible
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Flat bones structure
Provide flat areas for muscle attachment, usually enclose cavities for protecting organs
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Flat bones e.g
Cranium, scapula, sternum, ribs
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Sesamoid bones structure
Small joints developed in tendons around some joints
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Sesamoid bones e.g
Patella
74
Axial skeleton
Forms the long axis of the body
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What bones are contained in the axial skeleton
-cranium, vertebral column and rib cage
76
Cervical bones
7
77
Thoracic bones
12
78
Sacral bones
5
79
Lumbar bones
5
80
Atlas vertebrae
-first cervical (neck) vertebrae
-atlas bone supports the skull
NOTE: atlas sits on top of axis
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Axis vertebrae
Second cervical (neck) vertebrae
Axis bone forms the pivot upon the atlas
82
Appendicular skeleton
Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join to the axial skeleton
83
Ways to maintain healthy skeletal system
-diet-> adequate intake of calcium (e.g dairy, orange juice) helps to strengthen bones
-physical activity-> weight bearing exercise= strengthen bones
- sufficient vitamin D-> inc. absorption of calcium= strengthen bones, supplement, fish
-adequate hydration-> lubrication of joints decreases pain
84
What are joints
Links between the bones of the skeleton
85
Functions of joints
To allow for movement
To stabilise areas of the body
86
Three types of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
87
Fibrous joints structure
Tough connective tissue. Fixed and immovable
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Function of fibrous joints
To join bones with little to no movement
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E.g of fibrous joints
Pelvis, skull, sacrum
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Function of cartilaginous joints
To absorb shock between bones to allow some movement
92
Cartilaginous joints e.g
Pubic symposium, vertebrae, ribs
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Cartilaginous joints structure
Connected entirely by cartilage
94
Synovial joint function
To allow for movement e.g flexion and extension
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Synovial joint structure
A space with a capsule between two articulating (moving) bones
96
Synovial joint e.g
Shoulder and knee
97
Fibrous joints stability/mobility
Most stable
Least mobile
98
Synovial joints mobility/stability
Most mobile
Least stable(inc. risk of dislocations)
99
Structure of a ligament
A band of strong fibrous tissue
100
Synovial fluid structure
A slippery fluid the consistency of egg whites that is contained within the joint cavity
101
Articulate cartilage structure
Glassy smooth cartilage that is spongy and covers the ends of the bones in the joint
102
Joint capsule structure
A tough fibrous tissue that has two layers; with the fibrous capsule lying outside the synovial membrane
103
Joint capsule function
The fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint and the synovial membrane lines the joint and secretes synovial fluid
104
Structure of bursa
A flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid that contains a thin film of synovial fluid
105
Structure of meniscus
A wedge of white fibrocartilage
106
Structure of pad of fat
A fatty pad
107
Most stable main components of a joint
- ligaments
-joint capsule
108
Most mobile main components of a joint
Synovial fluid
Articulate cartilage
109
Tendons structure
Connect muscle to bone
Soft connective tissue found throughout the body
Less elastic
110
Tendons function
To transfer force between muscle and bone to create movement
111
Ball and socket e.g
Hip, shoulder joints
112
Ball and socket movements
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
113
Hinge e.g
Phalanges, elbow, knee
114
Hinge movements
Flexion and extension only
115
Pivot
One bone rotates around another
116
Pivot movement
Rotation only
117
Pivot e.g
Atlas/axis in neck
Radius/ulna in forearm
118
Saddle movements
Sideways, backwards, forwards
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction,
119
Saddle e.g
Base of thumb
120
Gliding
Only gliding/sliding movements
121
Gliding movement
Sideways, backwards, forwards
122
Gliding e.g
Carpals, tarsals
123
Condyloid movements
Flexion, extension, circumduction, abduction, adduction
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Condyloid e.g
Wrist, ankle
125
Characteristics of all muscle
Excitability
Extensibility
Contractility
Elasticity
126
Excitability
Ability to receive and respond to stimuli
127
Contractility
Ability to shorten forcibly
128
Elasticity
Ability to recoil and resume original resting length
129
Extensibility
Ability to be stretched or extended
130
Functions of muscular system
To generate movement e.g quadriceps pull on femur to create movement
To maintain posture e.g Rectus abdominis support vertebra
To maintain homeostasis-> generate heat to maintain body temp e.g arrector pili muscles
To provide stability e.g pelvic floor
131
Unitpennate e.g
Extensor digitorum Longus
132
Bipennate e.g
Rectus femoris
133
Multipennate e.g
Deltoid
134
Fusiform e.g
Biceps brachii
135
Epimysium
Outer layer of connective tissue around skeletal muscle
136
Perimysium
Connective tissue that bundles skeletal muscle fibres into fascicles within a skeletal muscle
137
Fascicle
Bundle of muscle fibers within a skeletal muscle
138
Endomysium
Loose, well hydrated connective tissue covering each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle
139
Muscle fibre
Often used to describe a single muscle cell
140
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber
141
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of a muscle cell
142
Sarcomere
Longitudinally, repeating functional unit of skeletal muscle, with all of the contractile and associated proteins involved in contraction
143
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Specialised smooth ER which stores, realeases and retrieves Ca ++ (allows for muscle contraction
144
Isometric
Tension is created but length of muscle does not change
145
Isotonic concentric
Muscle length shortens
146
Isotonic eccentric
Muscle length lengthens
147
What is muscle tone
Continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscle
148
Function of muscle tone
To maintain posture and stabilize joints
149
Flaccid
Low muscle tone
150
Spasticity
High muscle tone
151
What is muscle fatigue
A physiological inability to contract at described strength despite the muscle receiving stimuli
152
What are muscle cramps?
A sudden and involuntary contraction of one or more of your muscles
153
Possible causes of cramps
-dehydration
-muscle overuse
-inadequate blood supply
154
Muscle stitch possible causes
Intaking too much food/liquid too close to start of exercise
Reduced blood flow to diaphragm
155
Healthy functioning of the muscular system
-physical activity-> inc. strength of muscles
-diet-> inc. protein intake can inc. muscle development
-hydration-> inc. blood flow to and from muscles for nutrients and waste removal
-sleep-> inc. high quality sleep can increase rate of recovery
-warmup and cooldown-> reduce risk of injury
156
Muscular and skeletal system rship
Bones provide a site for muscles to attach to. Muscles can pull on bones to generate movement
157
Muscular/integumentary system rship
Arrector pili muscles can contract/relax allowing for regulation of body temp.
158
Skeletal integumentary system rship
Skin absorbs uv light to produce vitamin d->assist in production of calcium-> calcium can be absorbed by bones-> inc. bone strength-> bones can then provide protection to organs e.g heart via sternum
159
Cardiovascular/integumentary system rship
Integ.system contains blood vessels in dermis of the skin-> blood vessels (part of CVD system) can vasodilate and vasocontrict-> thermoregulation
160
Muscular/intergumntary system rship
Muscle contractions produce heat energy-> blood flow to skin (vasodilation)-> activate sweat glands-> thermoregulation
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Coccyx bones
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