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AA: VH Nethmi > AT3: Immune System > Flashcards

AT3: Immune System Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing agent

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2
Q

Antigen

A

Specific surface marker on pathogens that can be detected by WBCs

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3
Q

Self

A

A surface marker which is detected as belonging to the human body

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4
Q

Non self

A

A surface marker which is detected as being foreign to the human body

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5
Q

Immune system structure

A

Leukocytes take on different forms
E.g neutrophils = first responder of immune cells
Lymphocytes = B+ T cells that defend against specific invaders

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6
Q

Immune system function

A

To protect the body against infection, illness and disease

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7
Q

Non specific includes

A

First and second line of defence

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8
Q

Non specific

A

Same response for every pathogen

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9
Q

Specific

A

Body develops specific response when exposed to each pathogen

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10
Q

Specific includes

A

Third line of defence

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11
Q

Two types of defence mechanisms

A

Non specific (innate)

Specific (adaptive)

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12
Q

First line of defence

A

Physical/ chemical/ microbial barriers which aim to prevent pathogens from entering the body

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13
Q

How does the skin provide protection

A

If INTACT- acts as a physical barrier
Dead cells constantly shed off/ remove bacteria
Sebum contains bactericidial and fungicidal properties
Sweat gland contain salts- hostile env. For bacteria
Hair in nose filters foreign bodies and particles from entering respiratory system

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14
Q

Physical barriers

A

Skin
Hair
Earwax

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15
Q

Mucous membranes location e.g examples

A

Respiratory, alimentary and genitourniary tract

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16
Q

Structure of mucous membranes

A

Surface layer of epithelial cells over a deeper layer of connective tissue

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17
Q

Function of mucous membranes

A

To produce mucous, allowing the body to trap foreign particles to be removed

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18
Q

Chemical barriers e.g

A

Tears and saliva contain lysozymes (enzymes) which break down bacteria

Stomach contains HCl (ph 2) which destroys pathogens if ingested

Sweat
Sebum

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19
Q

Sweat chemical barrier

A

Sweat creates environment that is hostile to pathogens b/c contains antimicrobial substances

Acidity of sweat combined with presence of antimicrobial peptides (dermicidin) inhibit growth of many microbes

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20
Q

Sebum chemical barrier

A

Sebaceous glands secrete acid that form acid mantle ( fine slightly acidic film on surface of skin) that provides barrier against pathogens

Antimicrobial properties in sebum, due to fatty acids, inhibit growth of some microorganisms

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21
Q

Microbial barrier-> natural flora

A

Colonies of natural bacteria NORMALLy exist in skin, stomach, vagina
Normal presence of natural bacteria mean NO SPACE for growth of invading bacteria

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22
Q

What is inflammation

A

An acute body response to tissue damage

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23
Q

Function of inflammation

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A

To protect, trap and deactivate the cause of damaged tissue

24
Q

When is inflammation used

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A

Heat extremes, caustic chemicals, abrasions, infection, trauma, changes in pH

25
Function of phagocytosis
To engulf, digest and destroy any foreign cell antigens, material, damaged body cells or debris
26
Phagocytosis process
Phagocyte recognises bacteria/ fungi as non self Phagocyte engulfs bacterial pathogen to form a phagosome Phagosome fuses with lysosome to form Phagolysosome Phagolysosome formed Digestive enzymes within lysosome break down pathogen Unwanted debris removed from cell
27
What is a phagocyte
A white blood cell that engulfs, digests and destroys any foreign cell
28
What is phagocytosis (definition)
Process by which a phagocyte surrounds and destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells
29
Neutrophil
White blood cell that engulfs bacteria. Drawn to areas of infection and inflammation
30
Macrophage
WBC that engulfs fungi Drawn to areas of infection/inflammation
31
Role of macrophohage
Engulf bacteria so a specific response can occur (antibodies)
32
What is fever and explain process
Fever is a protective mechanism Fever stimulates the liver and spleen to gather nutrients making them less avaliable for bacteria to feed on Fever increases metabolic rate of tissue cells-> speeds up repair process
33
Function of fever
To increase body temp ( above 37.5 degrees) And thus create a hostile environment which makes it hard for pathogens to survive
34
Function of second line
To trap and destroy pathogens that have penetrated the first line and entered the body via phagocytosis, inflammation and fever
35
What is specific immunity
T and B lymphocytes/ cells Have memory of prior infection
36
Function of specific immunity
To react in a specific way to each infection
37
Similarities between specific and non specific
Both in response to pathogen Both provide protection against pathogens
38
Difference between speicifc and non specific
Specific includes 3rd line whereas non specific includes 1st and 2nd line Non sprecific= same response to pathogens whereas speicifc= different and targeted response to diff. Pathogen Non specific= no memory whereas specific=memory Non speicifc= same level of response whereas specific= greater response on second/ subsequent exposures
39
Function of T cells
To destroy the pathogen To produce cytotoxins to destroy the pathogen
40
Function of b cells
To produce antibodies to target pathogen for destruction
41
Role of b cells in immune response
B cells are apart of third line of defence and produce antibodies to target pathogen for destruction
42
Why Is there a delay in specific immune response compared to non specific response
Takes longer to recognise specific antigen and develop a specific response whereas for non speicifc response, no need to produce antibodies as same response everytime
43
Antibodies process
1. Binding of antibody to antigen- deactivates the antigen/pathogen 2. Form lattice (agglutinates)- signal for phagocytes to engulf and destroy via phagocytosis 3. Signal release of cytotxoins which kill cell 4. Immobilise pathogens
44
Active immunity
Antibodies are produced within the individual
45
Active natural immunity
Antibodies made after coming in contact with pathogen Produces specific antibodies and memory cells specific to that antigen
46
Induced active immunity
Vaccination-> injected with dead or attenuated pathogen which triggers body to produce antbodies
47
Passive immunity
Antibodies are produced outside of individual and then introduced into individual
48
Passive natural immunity
Developing foetus receives maternal antibodies through placenta Baby can also acquire antibodies through breastmilk
49
Passive induced immunity
Person is injected with antibodies-> plasma donations
50
Autoimmune disease
Condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body
51
Ways to maintain a healthy immune system
1. Wash hands regularly with soap and water and avoid touching face and mouth 2. Practice safe food handling e.g meat while cooking 3. Sufficient sleep for recovery from illness 4. Stay up to date on recommended vaccinations. Help protect against specific infectious diseases
52
Why cam Jason not receive heart tissue from donor
Jason not receive heart tissue from just any donor as antigens on donor tissue may be detected as ‘non self’ by lymphocytes. This will trigger specific immune regions to donor tissue resulting in b cells producing specific antibodies which will destroy donor tissue. T cells will also be activated in response to detection of non self antigens. T cells will produce cytotoxins which will kill donor heart tissue
53
Occlusion
Blockage
54
Femoral artery occlusion
There is a blockage in the femoral artery, meaning blood can no longer flow through it
55
How does first line aim to trap pathogens
Mucous membranes which trap pathogens to be removed by mucous as they try to enter internal organs
56
How does second line aim to trap pathogens
Inflammation which causes swelling to immobilise and keep pathogens in one spot to be engulfed

AA: VH Nethmi (9 decks)

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