AT3: Lymphatic System Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Lymph/o
A
Lymph fluid
2
Q
Lymphaden/o
A
Lymph node (gland)
3
Q
Lymphangi/o
A
Lymph vessel
4
Q
Aden/o
A
Gland
5
Q
Thym/o
A
Thymus gland
6
Q
Myel/o
A
Bone marrow
Spinal cord
7
Q
Splen/o
A
Spleen
8
Q
Is lymphatic system open or closed and why
A
Open because contains a different start and end point where substances enter
9
Q
Why is the lymphatic system a circulatory loop
A
Because it circulates/transports fluid (lymph) around the body
10
Q
Structure of lymph fluid
A
A clear fluid akin to plasma that has leaked out of the blood vessels (CVS) due to increased pressure and is now within the lymphatic system
11
Q
Function of lymph fluid
A
To transport waste and filter debris to and from the CVS
12
Q
Plasma location
A
Fluid in blood
13
Q
Function of plasma
A
To transport nutrients (o2) and wastes (co2) around the body via the blood
14
Q
Tissue fluid location
A
Fluid surrounding the tissues
15
Q
Function of tissue fluid
A
To supply the cells with a stable environment
To provide nutrients e.g o2 for tissues
16
Q
Lymph fluid location
A
Within the lymphatic vessels
17
Q
Function of lymph fluid
A
To transport wastes and filter debris to and from the CVS
18
Q
Lymphatic system components
A
Lymph nodes
Lymph fluid
Lymph vessels
19
Q
Organs of lymphatic system
A
Spleen
Tonsils/adenoids (MALT)
Thymus gland
Bone marrow
Peyer’s patches (GALT)
20
Q
What is MALT
A
MALT is populated by lymphocytes (e.g T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells)
21
Q
Why do adenoids and tonsils contain lots of WBC?
A
Contain lots of WBC b/c if there is an infection, lots of WBCS in the adenoids/tonsils will be exposed to foreign pathogens t/f able to fight against them
22
Q
Functions of lymphatic system
A
- To collect excess tissue fluid around cells and return back to CVS
- To absorb fat from the digestive system and transport to CVS
- Immune response
-> to produce and mature lymphocytes-> specific immunity
-> to filter for and destroy foreign particles
23
Q
Lymph capillaries structure
A
- thin, single epithelial cell wall
- overlapping epithelial cells which create gaps
- interlaced with Arterioles, venules and capillary beds of the CVS
- closed at one end
24
Q
How do thin, single cell epithelial cell walls of capillaries improve function
A
Allow tissue fluid to easily pass into lymphatic system
25
How do overlapping epithelial cells which create gaps improve function of lymph. Capillaries
Allow fluid to move into capillary and prevent backflow out of capillary
26
How do interlaced with articles, venules and capillary beds of the CVS help function of lymph. Function
Allows easy access to cells to collect excess fluid
27
Lymph vessels structure
Contain valves-> prevent backflow of lymph fluid
Larger than capillaries -> transport lymph from capillaries to ducts
28
Similarities between CVS and LS
Both are circulatory loops
Both contain WBCs to fight off infection
Both have vessels that contain valves to prevent backflow of fluid
Both transport waste
29
Differences btw. CVS and LS
CVS circulate blood whereas LS circulate lymph fluid
CVS is closed whereas LS is open
CVS regulates body temp. Whereas LS does not
Different components/structures
30
Key lymphatic vessels
Large lymphatic vessels
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
31
Large lymphatic vessel
Runs along most major arteries and veins
32
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from the right half of the thorax, head, neck and right arm
33
Thoracic duct
Drains lymph from both legs, abdominal and pelvic cavities, left half of the thorax, neck, head and left arm and returns lymph fluid to the CVA system via the left subclavian vein
34
How does lymph move
1. Lymphatic vessels contain valves that prevent back-flow of lymph fluid (ensures lymph flows in only one direction)
2. Skeletal muscle pump-> relax and contract= milking action
3. Changes in thoracic pressure during breathing
4. Smooth muscle lining vessel walls contracts and relaxes
35
What is primary lymphoid tissues
Sits where lymphocytes are formed and mature
36
E.g of primary lymphoid tissue
Bone marrow
Thymus gland
37
What does bone marrow do in the LS
Produces B and T lymphocytes and matures B lymphocytes
38
What does the thymus gland do in the LS
Matures T lymphocytes
39
What is secondary lymphoid tissue
Sites where lymphocytes interact and filter extracellular fluids (lymph, tissue fluid, blood)
Filters extracelullar fluid (l/n)
Destroys foreign particles (PP)
40
Examples of secondary lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, peyers patches
41
What are lymphocytes (lymph cells)
-are a type of leukocyte
- are produced in bone marrow via haemotopoiesis and mature in LS -> immune function
42
What do B lymphocytes do
Produce antibodies (recognise pathogens in the future)
43
What do T lymphocytes do
Destroy pathogens and trigger B lymphocytes to help control immune responses
44
Structure of bone marrow
Inside of spongy bone in a long bone
45
Function of bone marrow in LS
To produce B and T lymphocytes
To mature B lymphocytes
46
What does mature mean in the LS
Moving from blast-> cute
Lymphoblast= immature lymphocyte
47
Structure of thymus gland
Primary lymphoid tissue
48
Function of thymus gland
To mature T lymphocytes
49
Similarities of T and B lymphocytes
-both produced in bone marrow
- both types of leukocytes
- both work together to destroy pathogens
50
Differences of T and B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes matured by thymus gland whereas B lymphocytes matured by bone marrow
B lymphocytes produce antibodies whereas T lymphocytes destroy pathogens
51
Structure of lymph nodes
Small clustered lamps of specialised tissue along lymphatic vessels (location)
52
Function of lymph nodes
To filter lymph fluid as it returns to CVS
To remove foreign particles (bacteria, live and dead phagocytes and inhaled particles) and break them down
53
Lymph fluid pathway in Lymph node
Lymph-> Afferent lymph vessels (dirty/needs filtering)-> lymph node-> efferent lymph vessels-> lymph can then be returned to CVS
54
3 locations of lymph node
Cervical, axillary and inguinal lymph node
55
What happens if lymph nodes are swollen
May be lots of pathogens in the area-> sign of infection
56
Structure of spleen
Found in left hypochondriac region of abdomen
Consists of red and white pulp
*think of spleen as second filtration process
57
Function of spleen
To filter blood-> remove viruses, bacteria and other foreign particles from blood
To control levels of RBCs, WBCs and PLTS in blood
58
What does white pulp do
Makes WBCs
59
What does red pulp do
Removes old/damaged/dead RBCs
60
Does spleen filter lymph
NO
Spleen ONLY filters BLOOD
61
Where is MALT found
Within the genitourinary, respiratory and GI tracts, all systems that are exposed to external environment
62
Do MALT filter lymph
NO, MALT DOES NOT FILTER LYMPH!!!!!
63
Structure of tonsils/adenoids (MALT)
Found in the mouth and back of throat
64
Function of tonsils/adenoids
To destroy INHALED pathogens
65
Structure of Peyer’s patches
Found in the small intestine
66
Function of Peyer’s patches
To destroy INGESTED pathogens in the small intestine
67
68
What parts of secondary lymphoid tissue filter
Lymph node
Spleen
69
What parts of secondary lymphoid tissue destroy
Adenoids/tonsils
Peyer’s patches
70
Lacteal structure
Specialised lymphatic capillary found within the villi of the small intestine
71
Function of lacteal
To absorb digested fats from the small intestine
72
Ways to maintain a healthy lymphatic system
1. Drink plenty of water to ensure viscosity of fluids in body
2. Exercise regularly to increase circulation of lymph (skeletal muscle pump=milking)
3. Eat healthy diet/ Dec. LDL intake (Dec. adipose tissue increases functioning by ensuring lymph vessels can transport lymph efficiently)
4. Get a massage to inc. circulation of lymph fluid
5. Try manual lymph drainage therapy
73
Structure of lacteal
Specialised lymphatic capillary found within the villi of the small intestine
74
Function of lacteal
To absorb digested fats/ fatty acids from the small intestine
75
Digested fats are the same as
Fatty acids
76
Fatty acids are the same as
Digested fats
77
Absorption of fats
Food is eaten and digested by digestive system and absorbed into S.I
Then, fatty acids are absorbed by lacteal, located within villi of S.I
Lymphatic system returns absorbed fats to CVS via thoracic duct for circulation and use in blood e.g by muscles
78
Lymph + CVS relationships
Lymph fluid collects leaked tissue fluid from CV system
Spleen filters old RBC
79
Lymph and immune relationship
B lymphocytes produce antibodies and T lymphocytes destroy pathogens-> prevent pathogens spreading disease+ protect body against infection
80
Lymph and digestive relationship
-Absorption of fats
- Peyer’s patches in SI help protect against infection by destroying ingested pathogens
81
Lymph and muscular relationship
-skeletal muscle pump relax and contact (milking action) allowing lymph fluid to move through lymph vessels
82
Pathway of lymph
Tissue fluid collected by lymph capillaries-> transported to Afferent lymphatic vessels as lymph fluid-> lymph transported from Afferent lymph vessel to lymph node where lymph is filtered and pathogens are removed-> filtered lymph moves from lymph nodes to efferent lymph vessel and is transported to thoracic duct-> thoracic duct transports filtered lymph to the heart via left subclavian vein and this now becomes plasma in blood
