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Physical Geography 1000 > Atmospheric water and weather > Flashcards

Atmospheric water and weather Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

water is in _____ forms

A

visible and microscopic forms

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2
Q

only common substance to occur in all three states naturally

A

water

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3
Q

hydrologic/water cycle is the

A

movement of water throughout the atmosphere, hydrosphere/cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere

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4
Q

what drives the water cycle

A

energy exchange (sun) and gravity

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5
Q

weather

A

short-term day to day conditions of the atmosphere

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6
Q

climate

A

long term average (30 years) of weather conditions and extremes in a region

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7
Q

meteorology

A

study of atmosphere (short term weather)

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8
Q

nature of the hydrogen-oxygen bond

A

oxygen bond gives hydrogen a slight positive charge and oxygen side a slight negative charge

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9
Q

water molecules are ____ to each other

A

attracted

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10
Q

what is the result of the slight charges in the hydrogen-oxygen bond

A

polarity

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11
Q

hydrogen bond

A

positive hydrogen side attracts the negative oxygen side

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12
Q

unique properties water has BECAUSE OF the hydrogen bonds

A
  1. surface tension
  2. capillarity
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13
Q

surface tension

A

allows objects with a higher density than water such as razor blades and insects to float on a water surface

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14
Q

capillarity

A

tendency because of the hydrogen bonding for water to “climb” the edges of glasses, and test tubes… or to move between soil particles

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15
Q

what must happen for water to change from one state to another

A

heat must be added or released from it

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16
Q

the amount of heat absorbed or released must be sufficient to

A

affect the hydrogen bond between molecules

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17
Q

what is important to atmospheric processes

A

the relation between water and heat energy

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18
Q

heat exchanged between physical states of water provides more than ____ of the energy that powers the general circulation of the atmosphere

A

30$%

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19
Q

phase change

A

each change between states of water

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20
Q

examples of phase changes between solid and lique

A
  1. melting
  2. freezing
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21
Q

what happens as water cools from room temp

A

it contracts in volume
it increases in density

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22
Q

why does cooling water increase in density

A

because the same number of molecules now occupy a smaller space

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23
Q

what state is water when its cooled to the point of greatest density (4 degrees celsius)

A

liquid state

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24
Q

what happens if cooling continues past 4 degrees celsius

A

it expands as more hydrogen bonds form among the slowing molecules

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25
pure ice has _____ times the density of water
0.91
26
why does pure ice float
because it has 0.91 density of liquid water
27
characteristics of water in a liquid state
1. non-compressible fluid 2. assumes shape of the container
28
how can ice change to water
heat must increase the motion of water molecules enough to BREAK some hydrogen bonds
29
1 gram of ice needs _____ heat to become 1 gram of water (0 degrees Celsius)
80 calories of heat absorbed
30
1 gram of liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius has to absorb ____ heat to become 1 gram of liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius
100 calories absorbed
31
1 gram of water at 100 degrees celsius must absorb ____ heat to become 1 gram of water vapour at 100 degrees celsius
540 calories
32
1 gram of water vapour at 100 degrees celsius must ____ heat to become 1 gram of liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius
release 540 calories (-540 calories
33
1 gram of liquid water at 100 degrees Celsius has to ____ heat to become 1 gram of liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius
release 100 calories (-100)
34
1 gram of solid water at 0 degrees celsius needs _____ to become 1 gram of liquid water (0 degrees Celsius)
release 80 calories (-80)
35
latent heat
heat energy of a phase change
36
will temp increase while latent heat in changing state
NO
37
water vapour characteristics
1. invisible 2. compressible gas 3. molecules are independent of each other
38
is water boiling point affected by air pressure differences
yes
39
latent heat of vaporization
amount of heat energy needed to change liquid to gas
40
latent heat of condensation
water vapour condenses to a liquid (540 calories
41
latent heat of sublimation
gram of ice transforms into vapour (680 cal)
42
what is the dominant cooling process in Earth's energy budget
the latent heat exchange
43
where is there a surplus of radiation energy
at the surface of the atmosphere
44
opposite of latent heat of evaporation
latent heat of condensation (release 586 cal for every gram of water)
45
when do small, puffy fair-weather clouds release water vapour
when it condenses into droplets
46
____ use infrared sensors to monitor water vapour in the lower atmosphere
satellites
47
how is water vapour monitored in the lower atmosphere
satellites using infrared sensors
48
water vapour absorbs _____ wavelengths
long (infrared)
49
why is it possible to distinguish areas of relatively high and relatively low water vapour
based on water vapour absorbing long wavelengths (Infrared)
50
_____ percent of water is fresh water
2.78
51
water runs (up or downhill) to _____
downhill to sea level
52
is water in oceans freshwater
NO
53
most water comes from the ____
oceans (97%)
54
breakdown of freshwater
1. 78% = surface 2. 11% = deep ground water 3. 11% = ground water 4. 0.18% = soil moisture
55
is the water cycle in continuous motion
yes
56
what fuels the hydrological cycle
latent heat change
57
what drives the hydrological cycle
sun and gravity
58
is the speed of the reservoir in the hydrological cycle important
yes - melting ancient ice can be dangerous
59
what fuels the formation of clouds
evaporation transpiration
60
humidity
amount of water vapour in the air
61
what determines are sense of comfort
humidity and air temp
62
absolute humidity
measure of the actual number of water molecules present as vapor in the air
63
max absolute humidity varies with ____
temperature
64
absolute humidity AKA
vapor pressure
65
warmer air can hold ____ water vapour
more
66
colder air can hold _____ water vapour
less
67
relative humidity
absolute humidity / max humidity possible AT THE SAME TEMP
68
problem with relative humidity
don't know the size of the air parcel (warmer = bigger parcel = less RH)
69
saturated air is ___ relative humidity
100%
70
desert air is ____ relative humidity
10 to 30 precent
71
when is relative humidity 100%
when the air is saturated with max water vapour FOR ITS TEMP
72
what happens at mid-day to relative humidity and parcel of air
air temp is rising = evaporation rate exceeds the condensation rate = same volume of water vapor is now 50% max possible capacity
73
air parcel and humidity in the evening
air temp just past peak =evaporation rate exceeds condensation = relative humidity is low
74
does absolute humidity change as the air parcel changes
NO
75
warmer air
greater max water vapour possible
76
colder air
lesser maximum water vapour possible
77
what does relative humidity tell us
how near the air is to saturation
78
what happens when more water is added or temp is decreased to something at saturation
active condensation (clouds, fog or precipitation )
79
dew-point temperature
temp where something containing air becomes saturated and the net condensation begins forming water droplets
80
does absolute saturation show if the saturation point is close
1. NO
81
what happens to an air parcel as it increases in the sky
it compresses
82
_____ is the temp when we have REACHED saturation
dew-point temp
83
when is the air saturated (in terms of dew-point)
when dew-point temps and air temp is the SAME
84
frost point
temp of the air becoming saturated leads to the formation of ice (temps below freezing)
85
what kind of relationship exists between air temp and relative humidity
inverse (as temp rises, relative humidity falls)
86
when is relative humidity highest
at dawn = air temp is lowest
87
when is relative humidity lowest
late afternoon - when higher temps increase the rate of evaporation
88
why does relative humidity change throughout the day
because the temp,rate of evaporation, varies from morning to aftenoon
89
humidex
relates sensed heat to temp and relative humidity
90
with the humidex, when is it there the MOST discomfort
with high humidity and low wind
91
why does it feel hotter than it actually is
body cannot evaporate sweat
92
what state is less dense solids or liquids
solid state of water
93
what happens to water as it freezes
exapands
94
cohesion
stick to itself (drops)
95
adhesion
stick to other things (dew)
96
water has high ____ -and _____ rates
cohesion and adhesion
97
when heat is released water moves to _____ energy phases
lower
98
when heat is added water moves to ____ energy phases
higher
99
when are storms more intense
over high temps = there is more evaporation
100
how do storms (hurricanes) get energy
from phase changes
101
___ of water is in glacials
99.4%
102
____ of water is surface water
77.78%

Physical Geography 1000 (21 decks)

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