Maps and geomatics Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
what unites all geography
A
maps
2
Q
what is a powerful tool for spatial analysis
A
map
3
Q
what is a map
A
generalized view of an area (model) a seen from above and reduced in size
4
Q
what are 4 things to consider in a map
A
- types
- map elements
- coordinate system
- projections
5
Q
reduce
A
a down-scale of something
6
Q
spatial analysis
A
ability to answer spatial questios
7
Q
map elements refers to the
A
different symbol used
8
Q
what is geomatics
A
the digital mapping of earth
9
Q
true or false
geomatics is a geographical tool
A
TRUE
10
Q
what allows the answer for spatial questions in geography
A
geomatics
11
Q
what is the benefit of using an overlay of layers
A
allows us to see commonalities
12
Q
what is the unifying stream for all of geography
A
geomatics
13
Q
what 3 characteristics are maps classed by
A
- scale
- function
- subject matter
14
Q
scale in a map refers to
A
degree of reduction
15
Q
what are three examples of map function
A
- charts
- general reference maps
- thematic/special purpose maps
16
Q
what are 4 characteristics of maps?
A
- reductions
- transformations
- specific simplification/generalization
- signs and marks
17
Q
why are reductions critical to maps
A
we don’t make exact duplicates of the real world because it’s not practicable
18
Q
reductions are based on
A
map scale
19
Q
map scale
A
defined dimensional relation between reality and the map
20
Q
true or false
map scales are seemingly unitless
A
TRUE
21
Q
transformations
A
transfer of one form to another
22
Q
transformations are done in the form of
A
projection
23
Q
projection
A
have to transform a spherical earth to a flat map
24
Q
what is the result of projection
A
the map stretches
25
what is affected by projection (example)
calculations of distances
26
where are distortions caused by projection the most AFFECTED
the poles - they stretch the most
27
a specific simplification refers to
only the information that NEEDS to be on the map is what fits the purpose
28
specific simplification requires
1. classification
2. simplification
3. generlization
29
accurate generalization falls under what character of a map
specific simplification
30
true or false
the world in infinitely complex
true
31
maps are not ______________-
100% representations of real world
32
accurate generalization
the decision on how to generalize/choose what is on the map to fit our purpose
33
is a generalization infinitely complex
NO
34
what are signs and marks used for on a map
to represent real features
35
what are the two categories of map scale
small scale and large scale
36
what is small scale
a "birds-eye view"/zoom out of a LARGE area
37
what is the scale for a small scale map
one unit of distance in reality is represented by a SMALL distance on the map
38
example of small scale
1:20 000 000
39
large scale maps offer
close up view of a SMALL area
40
large scale map scale
one unit of distance in reality is represented by LARGE distance on map
41
example large scale map scale
1:1000
42
what is the cutoff between small and large scale
1:50 000
43
is this a large or small scale map
large scale
44
is this a large or small scale map
small
45
general reference maps are a
large-scale topographic map
46
what map function does this show
general reference maps
47
thematic/special purpose maps
distribution of an attribute or relation among attributes
48
examples of thematic/special purpose maps
1. political map
2. population distribution
3. number of births
49
what map function is this
thematic/special purpose map
50
what is a chart
a map meant to be worked on and added to
51
examples of charts
1. nautical
2. aeonautical
52
what are charts most often used for
navigation
53
what map function is this
chart
54
subject matter for maps can be either
cadastral or plans
55
cadastral means
a large scale subject matter
56
examples of cadastral subject matter
1. property boundaries
57
what is cadastral often assess
taxataion
58
a subject matter focused on plans examples
1. buildings and railways
59
plans are typically
large scale maps or diagrams
60
what type of subject matter is this
plan
61
what type of subject matter is this
cadastral
62
3 types of maps
1. thematic
2. planimetric
3. topographic
63
thematic maps show
the spatial distribution of some type of data over a geographical area
64
planimetric maps show
the horizontal position of boundaries, bodies of water, economic and cultural features
65
topographic maps portray
physical relief through the use of contour lines that connect all points at the same elevation
66
what does relief refer to
what the shape of the earth looks like
67
true or false
thematic maps are both quantitative and qualitative
true
68
what type of map is this
topographic map
69
what type of map is this
planimetric map
70
what type of map is this
thematic map
71
what can be illustrated on a topographic map
1. natural physical features
2. infrastructure + human-made features
72
true or false
NTS maps have been made for ALL of Canada
true
73
what are 3 key elements of a topographic map
1. contour lines
2. reference grid
3. scale
74
contour lines
connect areas of equal elevation
75
reference grid
explains where we are and specific locations
76
where is north oriented on a map?
top of the page
77
a contour is an
imaginary line that joins points of equal elevation above sea level
78
altitude vs elevation
altitude = above earth's surface (on the ground)
elevation = height above sea level
79
what is your elevation on mount Everest
0 because still connected to the ground
80
contour lines are drawn at ______ elevation intervals
constant
81
how is the contour line slope calculated
elevation over the map distance
82
contour line slope
change in elevation per unit of horizontal distance
83
what is the rise for calculating contour slope
difference between the elevation of the top and bottom of the slope
84
what is the run for calculating the contour slope
distance measured on the map and converted to distance on the ground using the map scale
85
how do calculate the slope of contour lines in degrees
acrtangent (inv tan or tan-1) times (rise over run)
86
what are three different spacings for contour lines
1. widely spaced
2. narrowly spaced
3. uniformly spaced
87
a widely spaced contour reflects
gentle slopes
88
a narrowly spaced contour reflects
steep slopes
89
uniformly spaced contours reflect
uniform slopes
90
consistent spacing of contour lines will create a
linear slope/straight line
91
contour lines that start tight at the top of a mountain and then become more spaced out will reflect
concave profile
92
contour lines that start spaced out and become tighter down the slop reflects
convex profile
93
what are 3 rules for contour lines
1. never intersect
2. never split or divide
3. always closed (though it may run outside the map)
94
how is a hill represented in contour lines
concentric contours
95
how is a depression represented in contour lines
concentric hachured contour
96
how is a river valley represented in contour lines
in a V with the base pointing upstream
97
how is a ridge represented in contour lines
v or u shape with base pointing downwards
98
what landform is an obvious violation of topographic maps
overhangs
99
what does a 1:1 scale mean
its an exact replica (like 1 cm to 1 cm)
100
what are common scales for NTS maps in Canada
1. 1 50 000
2. 1: 250 000
101
a map scale is a representative
fraction or ratio
102
what are examples of written/verbal map scales
1. 1cm = 1 km
2. graphical
103
what is a reference grid used to define
absolute positioning (locations) on a map
104
what are two examples of coordinate systems
1. longitude/latitude
2. rectanagular grid systems (UTM)
105
what is a coordinate system used for
to locate points on a sphere
106
true or false
the coordinate systems can cover the whole Earth
true
107
what is a requirement for coordinate systems to work
if you know what the shape of the earth is
108
is the earth a perfect sphere
NO
109
what is the shape of the Earth
it's not a perfect sphere but squished and not smooth and have bulges and depressions
110
what is a term used to describe how earth is squished
ellipsoid
111
what is the latitude/longitude grid based on
60/sexagesimal scale
112
where is the origin for the latitude/longitude grid
at the center of the earth
113
latitude measures
angular distance measured north and south of the equator
114
parallel refers to _____ in latitude
lines connecting the same latitude
115
do parallel lines intersect
NO
116
what is true north
geographic north pole
117
what is the latitude degree for true north
0 degrees latitude
118
what is magnetic north
point where magnetic field points vertically downwards
119
what north does our compass point to
magnetic north
120
true or false
earth is one big magnet
TRUE
121
what is magnetic declination
the angle between true north and magnetic north
122
why is magnetic declination important
its the way a compass is configured to point to true north instead of magnetic north
123
what is the magnetic declination correction for Lethbridge
13 degrees 29 minuets East
124
true or false
the north magnetic pole is headed for Siberia
TRUE
125
longitude is the
angular distance measured east to west on the earth's surface
126
where is longitude relative to/the origin
prime Meridian at Greenwich England
127
Meridians
line connecting the same longitude
128
what is the term for the line connecting the same latitude
parallel
129
what is the term for the line connecting the same longitude
meridians
130
where do meridians converge
at the poles
131
why is there a discrepancy at the equator in the North Pole
because of the bulge found at the equator
132
what is bigger at the equator in the North Pole
longitude
133
true or false
longitude and latitude can abe used to find the position of any place on earth
true
134
how are latitude and longitude organized in coordinates
latitude first and then longitude
135
the rectangular grid systems are used for
smaller areas
136
what is the format for the rectangular grid system
(x,y) coordinates
137
what does UTM stand for
universal transverse Mercator
138
true or false
relatively small areas have minimal distortion and rectangular grid system can be used
TRUE
139
latitude and longitude systems are used for
large areas
140
UTM is used for
small areas
141
what is easting
distance from a meridian
142
what is northing
the distance from the equator
143
what are the 3 elements of UTM coordinates
1. zone
2. easting
3. northing
144
what coordinate system are easting and northing used
UTM system
145
how are geographical and UTM coordinate systems positioned on the shape of the world
by a datum
146
datum is
how a coordinate system is seated over the ellipsoid
147
how to make a datum
covering a globe with a piece of paper
origin will be more accurate but the farther way will become less accurate
148
what are two datums used
1. NAD 26
2. NAD83
149
what ellipsoid did the NAD27 use
ellipsoid 1886
150
what ellipsoid did the NAD83 use
ellipsoid 1983
151
what is a datum
a coordinate system with a reference surface that serves to provide known locations to begin surveys and create maps
152
GPS is a
navigational tool developed for military purposes
153
what does a GPS system consist of
satellites and a receiver
154
how does a receiver in a GPS lock onto the signal of the satellites
through triangulation
155
how to determine latitude without a GPS receiver
use the north star, Polaris
156
how to determine longitude without a GPS receiver
use time of a known longitude and time where you are
157
What are two time zones
1. GMT
2. UTC
158
GMT stands for
Greenwich mean time
159
UTC stands for
universally coordinated time
160
earth rotates 360 degrees in
24 hours
161
how many degrees does earth rotate in 1 hour
15
162
what is the international dateline
the separating of Monday and Sunday
163
true or false
the international dateline is straight
FALSE
164
what do these contour lines show
hill
165
what do these contour lines show
depression
166
what do these contour lines show
river valley
167
what do these contour lines show
ridge
168
what does 1 show
parallels of latitude
169
what does 2 show
meridians of longitude
170
what will the profile be
concave
171
what will the profile be
convex
172
what will the profile be
straight
173
Why were clocks used to calculate longitude
clocks set at GMT time would be based on high noon = position of the sun
174
how was longitude calculated
based on the position of the sun and the knowledge of longitude
175
______ is the only true representation of the Earth
Globe
176
globes are normally ____ scale
small
177
what do maps provide
a 2d representation of earth
178
what do the 2d representations of earth result in
distortion
179
what are classes of projections
1. cylindrical projections
2. planar projections
180
cylindrical projections
preserve shapes at the expense of distances
181
what region are stretched with cylindrical projections
polar regions
182
how can cylindrical projections cause confusion
size of the continents
183
planar projections
light source at the center of the globe projecting onto a plane
184
what is the result of planar projections
severe distortion GREATEST away from the origin
185
planar projections example
gnomonic projection
186
cylindrical projection example
mercator maps
187
remote sensing
the capturing of digital earth imaging from spatial aircrafts/satellites
188
remote sensing is the gaining of information from
a distance
189
what are two types of remote sensing
1. active sensing
2. passive sensing
190
what is an active remote sensing
the use of instruments that generate a pulse that is reflected back and then generated by a computer
191
what is passive remote sensing
sensing that does NOT shoot a beam
192
what type of remote sensing is this
records energy reflected/emitted from a surface
passive
193
what part of the electromagnetic spectrum does passive sensing do well in
visible spectrum
194
is aerial photography a form of remote sensing
YES
195
forms of passive remote sensing
1. aerial photography
2. Landsat
3. quickbird
196
what does Landsat measure
Infrared wavelength
197
what does quick bird measure
1. visible
2. near IR
198
true or false
the resolution of the satellites has greatly improved
true
199
what are examples of active sensing
1. radar
2. lidar
200
what type of remote sensing is this
directs a beam of energy at a surface and analyze the energy that is reflected back
active
201
how does radar work
emits a microwave pulse that echos back
202
what scatters radar
percipitation
203
what is an example of radar being used
for weather forecast
204
how does lidar work
impulses from a laser
205
what wavelength does lidar use
ultraviolet, visible and infrared light
206
what is lidar used for
to measure distance
207
what type of active remote sensing creates 3d models
lidar
208
what is the similarity between active and passive remote sensing
both interpret electromagnetic information back
209
types of orbital paths
1. geostationary orbit
2. polar orbit
3. near-polar sun-synchronous
210
what is geostationary orbit
a satellite is parked above a specific location for a fill hemispherical view
211
where are lots of geostationary satellites
the equator
212
a polar solar orbit takes
about 90 mins for a full orbit
213
near-polar sun-synchronous orbit shifts
1 degree every day
214
what orbit passes above the equator at the same local time each time
near-polar sun-synchronous
215
what are some applications of remote sensing
1. weather forecasting
2. tracking environmental problems
3. landscape changes
4. monitoring forest fires
216
weather forecasting needs sensors to
scan broad areas rather fast
217
remote sensing benefits
1. inexpensive data
2. accessible via the internet
3. remote areas
4. great level of detail
5. repeat coverage
218
remote sensing limitations
1. high capital cost
2. training needed
3. interpretation of images
4. limitations of each system
219
GIS is a software to
organize spatial and attribute data
220
what is GIS used for
to create maps with multiple data layers (physical and cultural features)
221
types of data in a GIS
1. vector and raster
222
vector data in GIS
lines defined by X Y cooridnates
223
raster data in GIS
composed of grids of cells with each cell assigned a number
224
what is assumed about all points in raster data
that those within the grid have all the same characteristics
