1. sedimentary 2. metamorphic 3. igneous

Rocks and the rock cycle Flashcards by Sophia Easter

8 major elements of rocks

oxygen
Silicon
Aluminum
iron
calcium
salt
potassium
magnesium

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minerals

natural components with specific chemical formula and crystal structures

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are minerals pure

YES- made from ONE thing

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true or false
minerals are natural occuring

true

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rocks

group of minerals OR solid organic matter

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3 types of rocks

sedimentary
metamorphic
igneous

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formation of igneous rocks

a solid that undergoes intense pressure and heating to melt and liquify before solidifying

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what types of rock can become igneous rocks

sedimentary
metamorphic
more igneous rocks

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what happens if there is TOO much pressure or heating to rocks

they melt and form igneous rocks

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how are metamorphic rocks formed

from intense pressure and heat (metamorphism) that causes a CHEMICAL change NOT a physical change

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do metamorphic rocks undergo a phase change

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what rock undergoes metamorphosis

metamorphic rocks

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what rock is associated with altered

metamorphic

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what rock is associated with settling out

sedimentary

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what rock is associated with melted

igneous

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how are sedimentary rocks formed

compaction, cementation and lithification of clastic sediments

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where is it common to find sedimentary rocks

the beds of lakes because rivers brought the sediments which then accumulated on the lake floor

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both rocks and minerals are ULTIMATELY derived from

magma

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what does “original rock” refer to

igneous rocks because all was formed from lava

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what type of rock is the MOST abundant

igneous

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minerals vs rocks
study

minerals
mineralogy

rocks
petrology

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minerals vs rocks
chemical composition

minerals
1. have a definite chemical composition (made from ONE compound)
2. INORGANIC compounds

Rocks
1. do NOT have a definite chemical composition
2. made from LOTS of different rocks

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minerals vs rocks
gold, silver, fluoride…

minerals

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minerals vs rocks
limestone, basalt, coal, claystone

rocks

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minerals vs rocks colour

minerals 1. colours is usually the same rocks 1. colour is NOT the same

minerals vs rocks shape

minerals 1. have a definite shape (have 6 basic symmetries) 2. CANNOT change shape Rocks 1. no definite shape 2. can have their shape changed for whatever needs

minerals vs rocks presence of fossils

minerals 1. NO fossils rocks 1. CAN have fossils

two main processes in the formation of sedimentary rocks

1. sedimentation 2. lithification

sedimentation

the layering down of sediments

lithification

the sticking of sediments together

sedimentary rocks are made from ______ thus they have no _____

other smaller rocks and NO definite chemical composition

how can we tell how old sedimentary rocks are

stratigraphy (the deepest layer of sedimentary rock is the oldest, while those above it are younger/newer)

sedimentary rocks can be either _____ or ______

clastic or chemical sedimentary rocks

clastic sedimentary rocks

made up of pieces (clasts) of pre-existing rocks

chemical sedimentary rocks

form by chemical precipitation that begins when water travelling through rock dissolves some of the minerals (material left over after evaporation)

sandstone:

sedimentary

bituminous coal:

sedimentary

conglomerate:

sedimentary

limestone:

sedimentary

90% of rocks

igneous

igneous can be either _____ or _____

intrusive or extrusive

what determines the size of crystals in igneous rocks

the rate of cooling

traits of intrusive rocks

1. cools slowly BELOW ground 2. has large crystals 3. felsic, lighter colour and less dense

felsic vs mafic igneous rocks

felsic 1. lighter in colour 2. forms from magma (UNDER the surface) mafic 1. darker in colour 2. forms from lava (found ON the surface)

large crystals in igneous rocks are associated with

intrusive rocks

small crystals in igneous rocks are associated with

extrusive rocks

granite:

Igneous (intrusive)

Basalt:

igneous (extrusive)

obsidian:

igneous (extrusive)

pumice:

igneous (extrusive)

what makes up ALL of the mantle

igneous rocks

what makes up ALL of the oceanic crust

igneous rocks

most of the continental crust is

igneous rocks

igneous rocks are associated with _____ change

phase

metamorphic rocks are associated with _____ change

chemical

how do metamorphic rocks change

by temp and pressure

metamorphic rocks can be either _____ or _____

foliated or NOT

examples of foliated metamorphic rocks

1. slate 2. Gnesis 3. Shist

examples of NON-foliated metamorphic rock

1. marble 2. quartzite

metamorphic rocks have _____ rocks that leads to ______ rocks

parent rocks that give rise to the metamorphic equivalent

Gneiss:

metamorphic

Marble:

metamorphic

slate:

metamorphic

Foliated metamorphic rocks

have a layered or banded appearance that is produced by exposure to heat and directed pressure

6 steps of the rock cycle

1. weathering and erosion 2. transportation 3. deposition 4. compaction and cementation 5. metamorphism 6. rock melting

weathering and erosion 1. stage of rock cycle 2. description

1. step one 2. all 3 types of rock on the surface are broken down by water and wind. result is larger rocks being worn down to smaller particles

transportation 1. stage of rock cycle 2. description

1. step 2 2. the eroded rock particles are carried away by wind, rain or moving water

deposition 1. stage of rock cycle 2. description

1. step 3 2. water particles in the bodies of water sink and become a layer of sediment. It often builds up faster then can be taken away.

compaction and cementation 1. stage of rock cycle 2. description

1. step 4 2. sediment layer stacks up - weight and pressure compact the BOTTOM layer. dissolved minerals fill in the small gaps between particles and then solidify (acts as cement) TURNS INTO SEDIMENTARY ROCK OVER TIME

Metamorphism 1. stage of rock cycle 2. description

1. step 5 2. sedimentary OR igneous rock end up buried deep underground - these rocks then experience high heat and pressure = changes them to METAMORPHIC ROCK

where does metamorphism TEND to happen

where tectonic plates come together - where the pressure of the plates squish the rock

rock melting 1. stage of rock cycle 2. description

1. stage 6 2. metamorphic rocks underground melt to become MAGMA. as the LAVA cools it hardens to become igneous rock.

what starts the whole rock cycle over again

the formation of igneous rock

magma vs lava

magma 1. molten rock that is underground lava 1. molten rock that breaks through the Earth's surface.