ATP

Question 1

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 1

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 2

What is the law of conservation of energy?

Answer 2

Energy can’t be created or destroyed but may be converted from one form to another

Question 3

What is energy?

Answer 3

The capacity to do ‘work’

Question 4

What major processes require energy?

Answer 4

Muscle Contraction
Active transport
Synthesis of organic molecules
nerve transmission

Question 5

In which molecules internal membranes is ATP produced?

Answer 5

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Question 6

What enzyme is needed to hydrolyse ATP?

Answer 6

ATP synthase

Question 7

When ATP is hydrolysed what is produced?

Answer 7

ADP + Pi

Question 8

What does ATP allow active transport to do?

Answer 8

enable movement of specific ions or molecules across protein pumps

Question 9

In Chemiosmotic theory electrons flow through a series of carriers what are they called?

Answer 9

The Electron Transport Chain

Question 10

What is pumped into the intermembrane space? via what?

Answer 10

Protons via proton pumps

Question 11

how do protons flow across the membranes?

Answer 11

down a concentration gradient through stalked particles

Question 12

what is chemiosmosis?

Answer 12

the movement of an ion through a semi-permeable membrane

Question 13

What type of reaction is the formation of ADP + Pi from ATP?

Answer 13

Exothermic

Question 14

Why is ATP not stored?

Answer 14

a highly active cell may use 2 million per second, so no need to store it

Question 15

Compare ATP structure with that of a DNA nucleotide

Answer 15

ATP is triphosphate (has 3 phosphates) DNA nucleotide only 1
ATP has base Adenine, DNA nucleotide can have bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine
ATP has sugar ribose, DNA nucleotide has sugar Deoxyribose

Question 16

What is ADP?

Answer 16

Adenosine Diphosphate

Question 17

How much energy is released when a phosphoanhydride bond is broken?

Answer 17

30.6 KJ mol/bond

Question 18

What is Pi?

Answer 18

Inorganic Phosphate

Question 19

What is AMP?

Answer 19

Adenosine Monophosphate

Question 20

What happens in cell respiration?

Answer 20

ADP and Pi are recombined to form ATP

Question 21

What type of reaction is the recombination of ADP and Pi? What bond is formed?

Answer 21

endothermic, requires energy to form phosphoanhydride bond

Question 22

What is the addition of phosphate to a molecule called?

Answer 22

Phosphorylation

Question 23

What makes up a hydrogen atom?

Answer 23

a single proton and electron

Question 24

How does hydrogen contribute to ATP production?

Answer 24

energy released from H+ and e- moving goes to make ATP

Question 25

Where is ATP produced?

Answer 25

across the internal membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 26

Compare Photosynthesis and Respiration

Answer 26

Both produce ATP Respiration converts Glucose and Oxygen into Carbon Dioxide and Water and ATP Photosynthesis converts Carbon dioxide and Water into Glucose and Oxygen and ATP In photosynthesis ATP is generated through light energy to form organic molecules In respiration ATP is obtained through the breakdown of organic molecules

Question 27

Compare breakdown of ATP to glucose

Answer 27

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP involves a single reaction Breakdown of glucose involves several steps Only one enzyme is needed to hydrolyse ATP (ATP synthase) Many enzymes needed to break down glucose

Question 28

Compare energy release from ATP with glucose

Answer 28

ATP releases small 'packets' of energy, where and when needed glucose releases large amounts of energy, some of which may be lost as heat ATP provides a common source of energy for all chemical reactions in all cells, for all living organisms

Question 29

Compare glucose and ATP's ability to pass through a membrane

Answer 29

ATP is soluble and can pass between cell organelles. Glucose requires an intrinsic protein

Question 30

What are the roles of ATP?

Answer 30

synthesis of polymers active transport muscle contraction nerve transmission exocytosis

Question 31

What does active transport enable?

Answer 31

movement of specific ions or molecules across protein pumps

Question 32

How is ATP involved in nerve transmission?

Answer 32

Provides energy for active transport of ions across the nerve cell membrane via Na+/K+ pump

Question 33

What is ATP production in mitochondria called?

Answer 33

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 34

What is ATP production in chloroplasts called?

Answer 34

Photophosphorylation

Question 35

Describe the 5 steps in the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis

Answer 35

1. electrons flow through the electron transport chain (carriers in membrane 2. energy released is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space (via proton pumps) 3. this raises the proton concentration in the intermembrane space 4. protons flow across the membranes down a concentration gradient through the enzyme ATP synthetase (stalked particles) 5. energy released is used to synthesise ATP from ADP & Pi