Respiration

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions which release chemical energy from organic molecules in order to synthesise ATP

Question 2

what is decarboxylation?

Answer 2

the removal of a carboxyl group to release Carbon Dioxide

Question 3

what is dehydrogenation?

Answer 3

the removal of hydrogen

Question 4

Where does Glycolysis occur?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

Where does Link reaction occur?

Answer 5

mitochondrial matrix

Question 6

where does Krebs cycle occur?

Answer 6

mitochondrial matrix

Question 7

where is the electron transport chain

Answer 7

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 8

What are the products of glycolysis of glucose(6C)?

Answer 8

2 * Pyruvate (3C)
2 net ATP and 2 Reduced NAD

Question 9

How many ATP are used in glycolysis?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

What happens to pyruvate(3C) in link reaction and what does it form?

Answer 10

Pyruvate(3C) is decarboxylated to form acetate and dehydrogenated to reduce NAD

Question 11

What does the acetyl group (from decarboxylation of pyruvate) combine with and form?

Answer 11

Acetyl group combines with Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA(2C)

Question 12

What does Acetyl CoA(2C)combine with and form in the KRebs Cycle

Answer 12

acetyl CoA(2C) combines with oxaloacetate (OAA)(4C) to form Citrate(6C)

Question 13

What is regenerated for the link reaction during KRebs Cycle?

Answer 13

Coenzyme A

Question 14

What happens to citrate (6C) and what does it form?

Answer 14

citrate is decarboxylated to form a-ketoglutarate

Question 15

in krebs cycle turn between 5C and 4C molecules what is formed?

Answer 15

1 ATP, exothermic energy is released

Question 16

what do dehydrogenations produce per turn?

Answer 16

3 reduced NAD and 1 reduced FAD

Question 17

what is dehydrogenation?

Answer 17

removal of hydrogen, usually from an organic molecule

Question 18

How many ATP is produced for one molecule of glucose in a link reaction?

Answer 18

0 ATP

Question 19

How many ATP is produced for one molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle

Answer 19

1 ATP for each pyruvate
so total of 2 per glucose molecule (as pyruvate is produced twice through link reaction of 1 glucose

Question 20

How many Reduced NAD is produced for one molecule of glucose in Link reaction?

Answer 20

2
1 per cycle, cycle occurs twice per glucose

Question 21

How many Reduced NAD is produced for one molecule of glucose in Krebs Cycle?

Answer 21

6 Reduced NAD
3 per pyruvate molecule
1 glucose forms 2 pyruvate

Question 22

How many reduced FAD produced for one molecule of glucose in link reaction?

Answer 22

0

Question 23

How many Reduced FAD are produced for one molecule of glucose in krebs cycle?

Answer 23

2 reduced FAD
1 per pyruvate
2 pyruvate produced from a glucose molecule

Question 24

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced for one molecule of glucose in the link reaction?

Answer 24

2
1 per cycle. cycle occurs twice for one glucose molecule

Question 25

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced for one molecule of glucose in the krebs cycle?

Answer 25

4 Carbon dioxide molecules 2 per Pyruvate 2 pyruvate produced from one glucose molecule in link reaction

Question 26

How many ATP molecules are produced during glycolysis of glucose?

Answer 26

4 ATP molecules produced - 2 used therefore net 2 molecules

Question 27

How many reduced NAD molecules are produced in glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

Answer 27

2

Question 28

How many reduced FAD are produced in glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

Answer 28

0

Question 29

How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in glycolysis of one glucose molecule?

Answer 29

0

Question 30

What do Reduced NAD and FAD carry?

Answer 30

hydrogen (electrons and protons)

Question 31

Where can the coenzymes reduced NAD And FAD bind?

Answer 31

bind to the proteins of the electron transport chain, and transfer there electrons and protons

Question 32

What happens when an organism anaerobically expires?

Answer 32

only glycolysis takes place

Question 33

What happens if only glycolysis occurs in an organism?

Answer 33

there will be a build up of Pyruvate and all of the NAD's will get reduced and can't be used again. Glycolysis will then come to a halt, respiration would stop and the organism would die.

Question 34

What needs to be made and released to allow glycolysis to continue?

Answer 34

Hydrogen rich intermediates which release oxidised NAD

Question 35

What is the Mammal intermediate?

Answer 35

Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid/lactate

Question 36

What is the yeast intermediate?

Answer 36

pyruvate is decarboxylated to make ethanal/acetaldehyde, and then reduced to make ethanol (and carbon dioxide)

Question 37

What is yeast anaerobic respiration also called?

Answer 37

fermentation

Question 38

How can long fatty acid chains be used in respiration?

Answer 38

can be split into 2C fragments which enter the pathway as acetyl coenzyme A (enters Krebs Cycle)

Question 39

How can glycerol be used in respiration?

Answer 39

converted to a 3C sugar and enters the Krebs cycle

Question 40

How can proteins be used in respiration?

Answer 40

broken down into amino acids and deaminated (removal of NH2). The remaining molecule is an organic acid which can be fed into the Krebs Cycle

Question 41

What are obligate aerobes?

Answer 41

organisms that must have oxygen for respiration or they die

Question 42

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 42

yeast and some bacteria prefer to aerobically respire but can respire anaerobically

Question 43

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 43

must respire without oxygen, oxygen kills them