Human Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
What is the Epimysium?
A
protective sheath/layer, from friction against other muscles/bones
2
Q
What is the Perimysium?
A
connective tissue
3
Q
What is the Fascicle?
A
bundle of muscle fibres
4
Q
WHat is the Endomysium?
A
fibrous connective layer of tissue, insulates each muscle fibre
5
Q
What is a muscle fibre?
A
long, cylindrical, multi-nucleate muscle cell
6
Q
What is a myofibril?
A
bundles of proteins (actin and myosin) important in muscle contraction
is long cylindrical organelle within muscle fibre
7
Q
What is the sarcolemma?
A
muscle fibre cell membrane
8
Q
What is the sarcoplasm?
A
fluid (cytoplasm) contains glycogen and fats for energy and mitochondria for production
9
Q
What is a tendon?
A
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
10
Q
What is a sarcomere?
A
repeating segments of a myofibril (smallest structure)
11
Q
What are the 3 types of muscle?
A
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
12
Q
What is cardiac muscle?
A
found in the heart, muscle is myogenic and is not under conscious voluntary control
13
Q
What is smooth muscle?
A
found in gut and blood vessel lining. This muscle is neurogenic and is not under voluntary, conscious control
14
Q
What is skeletal muscle?
A
attached to bone, is neurogenic and is under voluntary conscious control
15
Q
What does neurogenic mean?
A
contraction initiated by a neurone
16
Q
What does myogenic mean?
A
contraction initiated by the muscle itself
17
Q
What 2 terms can muscle fibres be described as relating to abundance of nuclei?
A
Coenocytic and Syncytium
18
Q
WHat does coencytic mean?
A
a cell that has lots of nuclei because he nucleus has divided by mitosis many times but the cell didn’t divide afterwards
19
Q
What does syncytium mean?
A
the presence of many nuclei as a result of the fusion of many cells
20
Q
What 4 proteins does the ultrastructure of myofibrils consist of?
A
actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin
21
Q
What is actin?
A
thin, consists of 2 strands woven around each other. Form thin myofilaments
22
Q
What is myosin?
A
thicker, consists of many rod-shaped filament tails with bulbous heads that project from the strand. Form thick myofilaments
23
Q
What are small subsections of a myofibril called?
A
SARCOMERE
24
Q
What does a sarcomere consist of?
A
z-line, I-band, H-zone, M-line, A-band, myosin, actin, zone of overlap
25
What is the z-line?
end points of a sarcomere, separating 2 sarcomeres
26
What is the H-zone?
zone consisting of only myosin
27
What is the I-band?
zone consisting of only actin
28
What is the M-line?
attachment site for the thick filaments (myosin)
29
What is the A-band?
centre of sarcomere contains both thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments, spans the H-zone
30
Where are the stores of glycogen in the body?
muscles and liver
31
Why do the muscles have a high glycogen store?
may need to respire rapidly during exercise
32
What stores can the muscles use for energy?
Glycogen - glucose store (large store)
Triglyceride - lipid store
Muscle tissue - protein store (causes some damage to muscles)
33
What happens in anaerobic respiration?
glycolysis only (without oxygen) produces lactate converted to lactic acid - provides a short release of energy
34
What is creatine phosphate?
made under aerobic conditions acts as a store of phosphate, as oxygen levels fall creatine phosphate enables the rapid conversion of ADP to ATP. only a very small amount can be stored
35
What does build up of lactic acid in the muscles cause?
fatigue and cramp
36
What are the 2 types of muscle fatigue?
neural and metabolic
37
What is muscle fatigue?
when muscle cannot contract/relax at correct time
decline of a muscle to generate force
38
WHat is neural fatigue?
nerves cannot generate an impulse
39
What is metabolic fatigue?
shortage of substances
accumulation of metabolites
lactate reduces the sensitivity of contractile proteins to Ca2+
40
What happens during sustained exercise (aerobic respiration)?
initially low ATP in muscles is used up quickly
creatine phosphate can then be used to phosphorylate ADP to replenish ATP (also short term)
Anaerobic respiration can produce limited ATP (net 2 ATP) but also produces lactate
Aerobic respiration must take over again due to lack of ATP and lactate build up
41
What is cramp?
severe involuntary contraction
42
How does the lactate production cause cramps?
lactate inhibits the Cl- ion effect - this means more likely to release Ca2+ and lactate allows K+ to enhance contraction
43
What are the features of Fast Twitch muscle?
fatigue rapidly
contract quickly, relax rapidly
store of glucose for glycolysis
anaerobic
low density of capillaries
high glycogen store
few mitochondria
high density of myofibrils
44
What are the features of Slow Twitch muscles?
Fatigue slower
contract slowly and for longer time
oxygen available even at low partial pressures
aerobic
good blood supply
have many mitochondria
low density of myofibrils
darker in colour
high concentration of myoglobin
45
What are the cells within the matrix of cartilage called?
chondrocytes
46
What do chondrocytes do?
responsible for cartilage formation, secrete an extracellular matrix containing elastic material and collagen
47
WHere are chondrocytes found?
in the matrix, within lacunae
48
WHat are lacunae?
spaces in the matrix
49
What is there none of in the matrix of cartilage?
no blood supply, so rely on diffusion from neighbouring blood vessels, metabolism really slow so repair takes a long time
50
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibro
51
Which cartilage is the weakest?
hyaline
52
Which cartilage is the strongest?
fibro
53
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
nose and ends of bones (to prevent friction)
54
Where is elastic cartilage located?
ear, epiglottis - elastic but maintains shape
55
WHere is fibro cartilage located?
intervertebral discs, ligaments - for loadbearing
56
Which cartilage has the highest proportion of collagen?
Hyaline
57
What does matrix of Elastic cartilage contain?
collagen, and also a network of elastic fibres
58
WHat does matrix of fibro cartilage contain?
collagen organised in dense fibres, organised in direction of stress, fewer chondrocytes
59
What is ossification?
process of bone formation by laying down of new bone
60
What happens to hyaline cartilage in the embryo?
it ossifies, osteoblasts secrete layers of bone matrix around the cartilage and blood vessels invade. In adults hyaline cartilage remains at ends of bones as articular cartilage.
61
what is an osteocyte?
cell that maintains the bone tissue, continually degrade bone
62
What is an osteoblast?
cell that forms bone matrix, continually build up bone
63
WHat is an osteogenic cell?
stem cell (can form any of the bone cells)
64
What is an osteoclast?
cell that gets rid of deposited material
65
What is the function of bones?
structural support
protect organs
point of contact for muscles
66
What are 2 attributes of bones?
compressive strength - can push down length of bone with relative force
tensile strength - can also withstand tensile force (pulling)
67
What are the 2 types of bone?
spongy bone, compact bone
68
What is a spongy bone?
ends of long bones and in vertebrae. Network of spaces containing red bone marrow
69
What is a compact bone?
also known as critical bone, around 80% of skeletal weight and 14% of average bodyweight
70% inorganic provides hardness and strength to bone (compressive force) mostly 2 hydroxyapatite compounds that contain either calcium or phosphate
30% organic provides tensile strength (resistance to pulling apart) mostly comprised of collagen fibres
70
What structural units are compact bone made up of?
Haversian Systems
71
How large are Haversian systems?
approximately 1mm apart and a few mm's long
72
what is the lamellae matrix produced by?
osteoblasts
73
WHat do osteoblasts produce?
many products such as collagen, growth factors and enzymes. This forms the matrix
74
After matrix is formed what will eventually happen?
eventually the matrix calcifies and the cell is trapped in the space called the lacunae
75
How do chondrocytes communicate with other cells?
Through canaliculi
76
WHat is the function of the canaliculi?
channels that radiate out of the lacunae into the bone lamellae share information and nutrients between cells
77
How does each Haversian system in contact with each other?
by volkmann channels
78
What is the Haversian canal?
provides network of blood vessels to the haversian systems
79
What are volkmann canals?
they link haversian systems
80
What makes up the Spinal cord?
cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum vertebrae, Coccyx vertebrae
81
WHat is the cervical vertebrae?
consists of 7 vertebrae, smallest - allows for rotational neck movement
82
What is thoracic vertebrae?
consists of 12 vertebrae, middle size - allows for lateral movement
83
WHat is the lumbar vertebrae?
consists of 5 vertebrae, widest, compress and hold weight, gives support
84
How many vertebrae do sacrum and coccyx consist of?
sacrum 5 fused, coccyx 4 fused
85
WHat bones do the skull consist of?
carnial protion, facial portion
86
What bones do the Pectoral Girdle consist of?
Scapula (back) and Clavicle
87
What bones do the Thoracic cage consist of?
Sternum and ribs
88
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
hips, sacrum, coccyx
89
What bones do the upper limb consist of?
Humerus, Radius, Ulna
90
What bones do the lower limbs consist of?
Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia
91
What bones do the hands consist of?
CArpels, metacarpals, phalanges
92
WHat bones do the feet consist of?
tarsals, metatarsals
93
WHat is the vertebral column?
spine
94
WHat is a hinge joint?
in fingers, knees, elbows, toes - allow only bending and straightening movements
95
WHat is a ball-and-socket joint?
in shoulders and hip - allow backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movements
96
what is a moveable joint?
Joints that allow for movement, like gliding, ball-and-socket, and hinge
97
What is an immovable joint?
bones of the skull - two or more bones are in close contact, but no movement can occur
98
WHat is a gliding joint?
(ankles, wrist, spine) - 2 smooth surfaces that slide over one another to produce limited movement
99
What parts make up the Vertebrae? (vertebral column)
Vertebral body, Vertebral arch, processes, facets, vertebral canal
100
WHat is the vertebral body?
bears weight and resists compression
101
What is the vertebral arch?
protects the spinal cord
102
WHat are processes? (vertebrae)
for muscle attachment
103
What are facets?
for articulation with adjacent vertebrae, linking together
104
What is a vertebral canal?
where spinal cord will be
105
WHat are the features of cervical vertebrae?
larger vertebral canal
vertebroarterial canal - for blood vessels
106
What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?
superior costal facet for head of rib
processes for attachment to ribs as well as muscles
107
What are the features of the Lumbar vertebrae?
Large vertebrae body - for loading
small vertebrae canal
Thick vertebral arch - greater protection
larger processes for attachment to larger muscles
108
What is a lever?
a rigid structure that pivots about a fixed position called the falcrum
109
What is the effort (lever)?
the force (muscle contraction) applied to the lever
110
What is the load?
what the lever moves (body part)
111
What are force magnifiers?
small effort in but a large force out
112
WHat are distance magnifiers?
effort over a small distance in and same force out, but moves a longer distance
113
WHat are first order levers?
has fulcrum in the middle, can be a force magnifier
e.g. spine and skull
114
WHat are second order levers?
has the load in the middle, also force magnifiers
e.g. standing on tiptoes (ankles/feet)
115
WHat are third order levers?
effort is in the middle
these are distANCE magnifiers
so effort will be greater than load
e.g. biceps and forearm
116
How does Rickets occur?
When minerals (vitamin D and calcium) are not adequately absorbed
117
What is Osteomalacia?
weakening of bones in adults
lack of calcium being absorbed into the body
118
What are the symptoms of Osteomalacia?
bone tenderness, fractures, bow legs and knock-knees
119
What is treatment of osteomalacia?
exposure to sunlight and a diet with calcium/vitamin D in it
120
What is Brittle Bone Disease latin name?
Osteogenesis Impertecta
121
What is the cause of brittle bone disease?
mutation that causes a change in the structure of collagen
replacement of glycine with a bulkier amino acid
122
What are the symptoms of brittle bone disease?
fractures, poor muscle tone, loose joints
123
WHat are the treatments of brittle bone disease?
drugs - increase mineral density of bone
surgery - place metal rods in long bones to enable children to walk.
physiotherapy - strengthen muscle and improve mobility
124
What is Osteoporosis?
reduction in bone density beyond what is 'normal'
125
WHat are risk factors of osteoporosis?
low body weight
smoking
being a woman
drinking too much alcohol
ageing
genes
Caucasian or Asian origin
126
What are symptoms of osteoporosis?
bones are fragile and more likely to break
127
WHat are treatments of osteoporosis?
weight resistance training to increase bone density
foods rick in calcium and vitamin D
stop drinking alcohol/smoking
128
What are the 4 types of fractures?
Oblique
Comminuted
Spiral
Compound
129
What is an oblique fracture?
break occurs diagonally across the bone
130
What is a comminuted fracture?
bone is broken, splintered or crushed into a number of pieces
131
What is a spiral fracture?
The break travels around the bone
132
WHat is a compound fracture?
The bone sticks through the skin
133
What are treatments for fractures?
anti inflammatory drugs
immobilisation
surgery
134
How does bone heal?
blod clot forms around the break, callus made of mainly collagen, osteoblasts form new bone, bone remodelling
135
What is immobilisation?
immobilises (prevents movement) above and below the fracture and holds the fractured pieces in their normal position while the bone heals
136
What is surgery needed for?
realign the bone
necessary in some where lengthy immobilisation could produce complications
137
What are the causes of scoliosis?
in around 8 of 10 cases cause is unknown (idiopathic scoliosis)
in about 30 % of cases there is family history suggesting genetic predisposition
138
WHat are treatments for scoliosis?
back bracing
surgery
physiotherapy
139
When can surgery be done for scoliosis?
teenagers and young adults who have stopped growing operation is a spinal fusion
140
WHat is a spinal fusion?
This is a major operation where the spine is straightened using metal rods, screws, hooks or wires, along with bits of bone taken from elsewhere in your body, often the hip.
141
What is benefit of physiotherapy/exercise for scoliosis?
regular exercise is important. it can help improve muscle strength and may help reduce any back pain
unclear whether it helps scoliosis
142
What is flat foot?
can cause strain on muscles and ligaments - genetic arthritis or injury
143
What are knock knees?
normal up to 18 months
can result in older people from lack of vitamin D or calcium
injured shinbone
usually resolves naturally
144
WHat is arthritis?
a group of condition where joints are inflamed
145
WHat is Osteoarthritis?>
glycoprotein and collegn in articular cartilage at the ends of the joints are degraded faster than they are rebuilt
products of breakdown released into cavity
inflammation, joint swelling and spurs of bone may grow
146
What are risks of osteoarthritis?
age (over 45)
weight
repeated flexing of joints
147
What are treatments of Osteoarthritis?
physiotherapy - (promotes greater contraction force, strengthens muscles, stimulates cartilage)
NSAIDS's (Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, Ibuprofen and aspirin)
Joint replacement
148
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
auto immune disorder that attacks the bone and cartilage at joints
inflamed joints, increased blood flow warms the joints and adds to swelling
149
What are the risks of rheumatoid arthritis?
can be both Genetic and environmental
smoking
high intake if caffeine and red meat
150
What are treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
physiotherpay
NSAIDS's
joint replacement
corticosteroid injections
151
What are the pros of joint replacement?
pain relief
mobility restoration
better quality of life
152
WHat are the cons of joint replacement?
blood clots
only last 15-20 years
long recovery
