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Worcester Sixth Biology 101 > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What are flowering plants called?

A

angiosperms

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2
Q

What ploidy level are most flowering plants?

A

diploid

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3
Q

Where does meiosis take place in plants, what does it produce?

A

within the reproductive tissues
produces haploid spores which contain gametes

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4
Q

What is the male spore? produced where?

A

pollen grains, produced in the anther

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5
Q

What is the female spore? produced where?

A

embryo sac, produced in the ovule, in the ovary

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6
Q

What do many species of flowers contain? (reproductive organs) making them what?

A

hermaphroditic, the flowers contain both male and female parts

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7
Q

What is the general pattern seen in all flowers?

A

a flower is four sets of modified leaves arising from the receptacle at the base of the flower

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8
Q

What is the calyx?

A

the outermost ring of structures, which comprises the sepals.
They are usually green and protect the flower bud.

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9
Q

Where is the corolla located? what is it?

A

inside the sepals, a ring of petals
These range from abscent to small and pale green to large and brightly coloured

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10
Q

What is the stamen?

A

male parts of the flower, consists of a filament supporting an anther

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11
Q

What does the filament contain and do?

A

contains vascular tissue
transports sucrose, mineral ions, and water to the developing pollen grains

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12
Q

What does the anther contain? how many? what happens when mature?

A

4 pollen sacs arranged in 2 pairs
when mature the pollen sacs dehisce (open and release the pollen)

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13
Q

What structure is located in the centre of the flower?

A

the carpel, which are female parts of the flower

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14
Q

What structures does the carpel consist of?

A

stigma
style
ovary

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15
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

attract the pollen grains

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16
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

connects the stigma to the ovary, is where the pollen tube grows

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17
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

hold egg cells, contains ovules waiting to be fertilised by pollen

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18
Q

How do insect pollinated flowers distribute their pollen?

A

They attract pollinators like Bees, through colourful petals, scent, and nectar. As the bee enters the flower the anthers brush against it’s lorax and legs leaving sticky pollen behind

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19
Q

What happens when the bee carrying pollen enters another flower?

A

it brushes some of the pollen against the ripe stigma, cross-pollination has taken place

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20
Q

How do wind pollinated flowers distribute their pollen?

A

their anthers hang outside the flower so that the wind can blow away the small, smooth, and light pollen.

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21
Q

How do wind pollinated flowers adapt to receive pollen?

A

The feathery stigmas hang outside the flowers and provide a large surface area for catching pollen grains that are blown into their path.

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22
Q

What undergoes meiosis in the pollen sacs of the anther? forming? (development of the male gamete)

A

diploid pollen mother cells, each forms a tetrad congaing four haploid cells

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23
Q

What is the tapetum, what does it do?

A

a layer of cells around the pollen sac, provides nutrients and regulatory molecules to the developing pollen grains
has a significant role in the formation of the pollen cell wall

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24
Q

What properties does the cell wall of the pollen grains have?

A

is tough and resistant to chemicals
resists desiccation
UV light cannot penetrate pollen grains

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25
What do pollen grains resisting desiccation allow?
so pollen grains can be transferred from one plant to another without drying out
26
What does UV light being unable to penetrate pollen grain cell wall do?
the DNA in pollen that is carried at high altitude is protected from mutation
27
What does the haploid nucleus in the pollen grain undergo? producing what?
mitosis, producing 2 nuclei (a generative nucleus and a tube nucleus
28
What is produced when the generative nucleus undergoes mitosis? (male gamete)
2 male nuclei
29
What happens when the pollen is mature?
outer layers of anthers dry out
30
What does the drying out of the anthers when pollen is mature cause?
tension in lateral grooves until eventually dehiscence occurs in which tension pulls the walls of the anther apart and the edges of the pollen sacs curl away
31
What is the opening called that exposes the pollen grains during dehiscence, what then happens?
the stomium exposes the pollen grains and they are carried away by insects or by wind
32
What is dehiscence?
the opening of the anther, releasing pollen grains
33
What happens in the ovule in development of the female gamete?
a megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis making four haploid cells
34
How many of these 4 haploid cells disintegrate? (female gamete) (meiosis of megaspore mother cell)
3
35
What happens to the remaining haploid cell? (female gamete) (meiosis of megaspore mother cell)
Undergoes 3 rounds of mitosis, producing eight haploid nuclei, one of which is the female gamete, 2 fuse to form polar nucleus, 3 antipodals, 2 synergids
36
What can the female gamete also be called?
egg cell or oosphere
37
What happens to 2 of the haploid nuclei produced in mitosis of haploid cell? (female gamete)
they fuse to make a diploid nucleus called the polar nucleus
38
What is the nucellus?
a layer of cells which provides nutrients
39
What are integuments?
two layers of cells around nucellus protective layer
40
What is a gap in the integument called?
a micropyle
41
What is a micropyle
small opening in the ovule through which pollen tube penetrates
42
What is pollination?
the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the mature stigma of a plant of the same species
43
What is self-pollination?
the pollen from the anthers of a flower is transferred to the mature stigma of the same flower or another flower of the same plant
44
What is cross-pollination?
pollen is transferred from the anthers of one flower to the mature stigma of another flower on another plant of the same species
45
What are the results of self fertilisation?
less genetic variation greater chance of 2 potentially harmful recessive alleles being brought together at fertilisation can preserve successful genomes that are suitable to a relatively stable environment
46
What are the results of cross fertilisation? (advantages)
more genetic variation reduces chances of harmful allele combinations may allow species to survive in a changing environment, as there are likely to always be some members of a population with suitable alleles/phenotypes
47
What is protandry?
the stamens of a flower ripen before the stigmas
48
How do plants ensure cross-pollination occurs?
protandry anther is below stigma so pollen cannot fall onto it genetic incompatibility separate male and female flowers on the same plant separate male and female plants
49
What is fertilisation?
the fusion of a female gamete and male gamete forming a zygote
50
What happens when a compatible pollen grain lands on the stigma?
it germinates in the sucrose solution secreted by the stigma and produces a pollen tube
51
How does the pollen tube grow?
out of the pollen grain through a gap in the cell wall (pit) down the style up a gradient of chemoattractants
52
What does the pollen tube nucleus code for? to digest through what?
codes for the production of hydrolases, including cellulases and proteases digest its way through the tissues of the style
53
What are the products of the digestion of the tissues of the style used for?
growth of the pollen tube
54
Where does the pollen tube grow through and to?
Through the gap in the integuments (the micropyle) and passes into the embryo sac
55
What happens to the pollen tube nucleus when the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac?
It disintegrates
56
What happens to the pollen tube when it reaches the embryo sac?
the tip of the pollen tube opens, releasing 2 male gametes into the embryo sac
57
What then happens to the male gametes released into embryo sac?
one male gamete fuses with the female gamete (oosphere), to form a zygote which is diploid the other male gamete fuses with the diploid polar nucleus forming a triploid nucleus
58
What is the triploid nucleus? what happens to it? what does this do?
the endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly by mitosis generates the endosperm tissue which takes over from the nucellus in providing nutrition for the developing embryo
59
what is double fertilisation?
when 2 fusions have occured one to form the zygote, one to form the endosperm, it is unique to seed plants.
60
After fertilisation In fruits and seeds what happens to the diploid zygote?
it divides by mitosis, becoming an embryo which consists of a plumule, a radicle and one or 2 cotyledons
61
What is the plumule?
the developing shoot
62
What is the radicle?
the developing root
63
what is the cotyledon?
embryonic seed leaf
64
After fertilisation in fruits and seeds what happens to the triploid endosperm nucleus?
it develops into a food store, providing food for the developing embryo
65
What does the seed coat (testa) form from?
the drying out of outer integuments which harden and become waterproof with deposits of lignin
66
What is the seed that is formed comprised from? |(double fertilisation)
the ovule (consisting of the embryo, endosperm and testa)
67
What is the fruit formed from?
the ovary
68
What is an example of a dictoyledon?
broad bean, seeds have 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
69
What is an example of a monocotyledon?
maize
70
What does dormant mean in seeds?
describes a seed when its active growth is suspended. Germination will only occur when specific conditions are met
71
What are the methods of seed dispersal?
wind, transport, rolling, bursting, water, carrying
72
What is wind seed dispersal?
seed is carried by the wind to a new area dandelion fruits have a parachute of stiff hairs
73
What is transport seed dispersal?
Birds eat seeds that pass through the digestive system and are dispersed in the faeces (mammals, reptiles and fish can also sometimes do this) testa is weakened by digestive system acid and enzymes, some seed species can only distribute in this way
74
What is rolling seed dispersal?
Horse Chestnut tree - fruit of tree breaks open releasing conker which falls to the ground and rolls away from the parent tree
75
What is bursting seed dispersal?
When legume pods dry they split and scatter seeds. In many species the pods rotate as they burst open sending the seeds in many different directions
76
What is water seed dispersal?
seeds that when they fall into water they float because their air cavities make them buoyant and water carries them away (coconut palms)
77
What is carrying seed dispersal?
hooked seeds attach to animal coats and are carried away (burdock)
78
How do dormant seeds survive very cold weather?
they have a low metabolic rate
79
How does the testa help the seed survive?
it is chemically resistant and so can survive adverse chemical conditions can physically protect the embryo
80
What do endosperms or cotyledons do for seed survival?
provide a supply of nutrients, which lasts until the emerging seedling can photosynthesise adequately
81
How is seed dispersal a good method of species/seed survival?
they can be dispersed great distances so they don't compete with parent plant allows the colonisation of new habitats
82
What is germination?
the biochemical and physiological processes through which a seed becomes a photosynthesising plant
83
Water are the 3 main elements for successful germination?
suitable temperature water oxygen
84
How does a suitable temperature affect germination?
at optimum temperature of enzymes involved in process germination happens at it's best. Optimum varies from species to species but is usually between 5*C and 30*C
85
How does water affect germination?
it mobilises enzymes for transport in the xylem and phloem and to vacuolate cells cells making them turgid
86
How does oxygen affect germination?
aerobic respiration releases energy, which fuels metabolism and growth
87
In Broad beans germination what happens when suitable conditions are met?
water is taken up rapidly by the seed through the micropyle. causing the tissues to swell and provides suitable conditons for enzyme activity
88
Why must food reserves in seeds be broken down to be transported to the embryo?
they are insoluble in water
89
What enzymes break down food reserves in seeds?
amylase hydrolyses starch into maltose proteases hydrolyse proteins to amino acids
90
What are the products of broken down food reserves used for?
Sugars are used for aerobic respiration and energy release and are converted into cellulose for cell wall synthesis Amino acids are used to synthesise new proteins
91
What happens when the testa splits?
radicle emerges and grows downwards then plumule emerges and grows upwards
92
What happens to the plumule after it emerges, how is it adapted?
it elongates rapidly the end is hooked over as it pushes through soil to avoid damage to tip by soil abrasion
93
What happens to the plumule when it breaches the soil surface?
the hooked end unfurls and produces leaves which begin to photosynthesise
94
What are gibberellins used in the brewing industry for?
speed up germination so that barley seeds need to be kept warm for less time and more malted barley can be produced
95
What does gibberellic acid do when it is secreted by a plant growth regulator?
switches on genes in the cells of the aleurone layer, resulting in transcription and translation, producing enzymes including protease and amylase
96
What do the proteases that are formed from gibberellic interaction do?
hydrolyse protein in the aleurone layer to amino acids, which are used to make amylase and maltase
97
What are carbohydrases produced as a result of gibberellic interaction do?
diffuse out of the aleurone layer and hydrolyse the starch stored in the endosperm cells
98
What is produced as a result of hydrolysis of starch in the endosperm cells? what are they used for?
sugars that diffuse back through endosperm to the plumule and radicle, they are respired for energy, which fuels biosynthesis and cell division, bringing the seed out of dormancy

Worcester Sixth Biology 101 (31 decks)

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