Attachment

Question 1

What is reciprocity?

Answer 1

When a caregiver and infant respond and/or ellicit facial expressions and emotions from each other.

Question 2

What is Interactional Synchrony?

Answer 2

It is when there is a co-ordination of micro-level behaviours between the caregiver and infant.

Question 3

What is an alert phase?

Answer 3

When a baby is ready for interaction with their caregiver (they usually show these through signals)

Question 4

What is Classical conditioning?

Answer 4

It is when two stimuli are associated together. (e.g mum & food through breastfeeding)

Question 5

What is Operant conditioning?

Answer 5

Learning from consequences of behaviour

Question 6

What experiment displays classical conditioning?

Answer 6

Pavlov’s dogs

Question 7

What occurs during the pavlov’s dogs experiment?

Answer 7

• when it was time for the dog to be fed, a
  bell would ring (neutral stimuli).
• The dog would have the unconditioned
  response of salivating.
• Through this conditioning of the bell being
  rung every time it was time for the dog to
  be fed:
• The dog commenced to associate the
  stimuli of the bell and the food together.
  This resulted in the dog salivating at the
  noise of the bell.

Question 8

What experiment was used to display operant conditioning?

Answer 8

The Skinner Box

Question 10

What is an unconditional stimuli?

Answer 10

It is something that triggers a response that has not been taught (normally instinctive)

Question 11

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 11

A response which has not been taught (normally instinctive)

Question 12

What is a Neutral stimuli?

Answer 12

A stimuli that produces no response

Question 13

What is a Primary Drive?

Answer 13

The innate motivation to do something (like get food when hungry)

Question 14

What is a Secondary Drive?

Answer 14

Something learnt through association of stimuli

Question 15

Is attachment a primary drive or secondary drive and why?

Answer 15

It is a Secondary drive as newborns gain attachment through stimuli and are not born with an attachment to anyone (hence why their stage one asocial stage)

Question 16

What is the procedure of Skinner’s box?

Answer 16

• Pressing a lever would give the mouse food
  this resulted in the mouse pressing the lever (Positive Reinforcement)
• Not pressing the lever would result in a shock (Negative Reinforcement)

Question 17

Meaning of reciprocity?

Answer 17

Mutual turn-taking interactions between caregiver and infant

Question 18

Stages of attachment (Schafer)

Answer 18

1. Asocial stage (0-6 weeks)
2. Indiscriminate Attachment (6 weeks - 7 months)
3. Specific Attachments (7-9 months)
4. Multiple Attachments (9+ months)

Question 19

What is the Asocial stage (0-6 weeks)?

Answer 19

Babies respond to all caregivers equally

Question 20

What is indiscriminate Attachment stage (6 weeks to 7 months)?

Answer 20

Infants can distinguish familiar and unfamiliar faces

Question 21

What is Specific Attachments stage (7-9 months)?

Answer 21

Strong attachment to a primary caregiver develops, leads to separation anxiety

Question 22

What is Multiple Attachment stage (9 months+)

Answer 22

Formation of attachments with other caregivers

Question 23

Different types of Attachment (Ainsworth)?

Answer 23

Secure (Type B)
Insecure Avoidant (Type A)
Insecure Resistant (Type C)

Question 24

What is secure attachment?

Answer 24

When infant uses a caregiver as a secure base, moderate anxiety when separated occurs

Question 25

What is Insecure avoidant attachment?

Answer 25

Avoids caregiver, low anxiety when separated

Question 26

What is Insecure resistant attachment?

Answer 26

Clingy, high anxiety ambivalent behaviour upon reunion

Question 27

The role of fathers

Answer 27

- Fathers often engage in more active play which encourages risk-taking behaviours - 75% of infants form attachment to the father by 18 months

Question 28

Bowlby's Monotropic Theory Findings

Answer 28

- Infants have an innate drive to form primary attachment (monotropy) for survival - Critical period for attachment formation is the first 30 months of life

Question 29

What is Maternal Deprivation?

Answer 29

Prolonged separation from primary caregiver can lead to negative consequences in social, emotional and intellectual development

Question 30

Cultural variations in attachments

Answer 30

Secure attachment is the most common globally, but avoidant attachment is more prevalent in individualistic cultures (e.g England)

Question 31

What are Romanian Orphan Studies?

Answer 31

Children adopted after 6 months showed delayed development, meanwhile those adopted after 24 months had significant cognitive deficits (mental retardation)

Question 32

Internal Working Model

Answer 32

Early attachment experiences shape future relationships and social behaviours

Question 33

What is Institutionalisation?

Answer 33

The effect of institutionalised care in relation to child development of a child