Attachment

Question 1

Attachment definition

Answer 1

Strong emotional and reciprocal bond between 2 people especially between an infant and its caregiver

Question 2

4 characteristics of infant caregiver attachment

Answer 2

Seek proximity, separation anxiety, positive reunion behaviour, use primary caregiver as secure base

Question 3

Reciprocity

Answer 3

Respond to action with another similar action, take turns

Question 4

International synchrony

Answer 4

Respond in time to each other to sustain communication. May involve mirroring where the same action is produced

Question 5

Meltzoff and Moore investigated what in babies?

Answer 5

Interactional synchrony

Question 6

4 actions carried out by the adults in Meltzoff and Moore’s experiment

Answer 6

Tongue protrusion, mouth opening, lip protrusion, hand opening

Question 7

What did Isabella find about reciprocity and interactional synchrony?

Answer 7

They are associated with good attachments

Question 8

How does Vine weaken support for interactional synchrony

Answer 8

Found Kenyan mothers have few interactions with their infants but infants still attached to their mothers

Question 9

Who conducted a study into stages of attachment?

Answer 9

Schaffer and Emerson

Question 10

In Schaffer and Emerson’s study into stages of attachment, what % of babies had their mother as their first attachment?

Answer 10

65%

Question 11

4 stages of attachment

Answer 11

Asocial, indiscriminate, specific, multiple

Question 12

Asocial stage of attachment

Answer 12

0-6 weeks, respond similarly to animate and non-animate objects, bias to human like stimuli

Question 13

Indiscriminate stage

Answer 13

6 weeks-6 months, prefer human company, act same to all, no stranger or separation anxiety

Question 14

Specific stage

Answer 14

Separation anxiety when primary attachment figure leaves room, stranger anxiety, specifically attached to primary attachment figure

Question 15

Multiple

Answer 15

Attachments to multiple people

Question 16

By 18 months, what % had formed an attachment to their father

Answer 16

75%

Question 17

Who found fathers are less nurturing?

Answer 17

Hardy

Question 18

Who found fathers have important role in play?

Answer 18

Geiger

Question 19

Who found the father’s role less important than the mother’s?

Answer 19

Grossman

Question 20

Who found father’s role could be just as sensitive?

Answer 20

Lamb

Question 21

Who investigated imprinting in goslings?

Answer 21

Lorenz

Question 22

What did Lorenz conclude?

Answer 22

Imprinting is innate and irreversible, close contact maintained with first moving object, imprinting must occur in critical period

Question 23

How did Guiton’s study suggest imprinting behaviour on mating not permanent?

Answer 23

Found chickens who imprinted on yellow gloves in time stopped trying to mate with them

Question 24

Conclusions of Harlow’s research

Answer 24

Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort suggesting attachment more for emotional security than food

Question 25

What are social releasers of babies?

Answer 25

Eg crying/smiling, which results in adults responding

Question 26

Bowlby said attachments must be formed before what age?

Answer 26

2

Question 27

Monotropy definition

Answer 27

Babies bond with 1 main person at first, usually mum

Question 28

Internal working model definition

Answer 28

First attachment serves as IWM which is basis of expectations of future relationships

Question 29

Continuity hypothesis

Answer 29

Future attachments will be the same as monotropy

Question 30

How does McCarthy support IWM?

Answer 30

Interviewed women who's attachment type as infants had been recorded. Found anxious avoidant an anxious resistant went on to have poor, difficult relationships Secure went on to have most successful relationships

Question 31

What did Srouffe found about children rated as securely attached in infancy?

Answer 31

More popular/ better self-esteem

Question 32

How does Zimmerman weaken idea of IWM?

Answer 32

Found serious life events like parents divorce were more important in influencing adult attachments than infancy attachments

Question 33

What does learning theory suggest causes attachment between mother and child?

Answer 33

Food

Question 34

What causes a baby to enter the drive state?

Answer 34

Being hungry

Question 35

According to operant conditioning, food is the...

Answer 35

Primary reinforcer

Question 36

According to operant conditioning, the mum is the...

Answer 36

Secondary reinforcer

Question 37

5 key behaviours observed in Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 37

Stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, reunion, exploration, proximity seeking

Question 38

In Ainsworth's strange situation, what % were securely attached?

Answer 38

70%

Question 39

Characteristics of securely attached in Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 39

Explore room but often return to mum PCG as safe base, moderate separation distress, positive reunion behaviour, treat mum and stranger differently

Question 40

Characteristics of avoidant attached in Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 40

Unbothered when mum leaves, unbothered when mum returns, little stranger anxiety

Question 41

Characteristics of resistant attached in Ainsworth's strange situation

Answer 41

Intense separation distress, can't be comforted when mum returns, intense stranger anxiety, explore less, alternate between wanting proximity and distance

Question 42

Why were so many Japanese kids judged as resistant in the strange situation?

Answer 42

Got very upset when left alone but this is because their mothers rarely left them

Question 43

Intra cultural research meaning

Answer 43

Differences within a culture

Question 44

How many studies did Van IJzendoorn compare in his meta-analysis?

Answer 44

32

Question 45

How many countries did Van IJzendoorn study in his meta-analysis?

Answer 45

8

Question 46

In Van IJzendoorn's study, what type of attachment was most common and least common?

Answer 46

Most common was secure, least common was insecure

Question 47

In individualistic cultures, what type of attachment type was most common and why?

Answer 47

Avoidant because used to being left as both parents work

Question 48

In collectivist cultures, what type of attachment type was most common?

Answer 48

Resistant

Question 49

Intra cultural differences were how much greater than inter-cultural

Answer 49

1.5x

Question 50

In Van IJzendoorn's study how many out of 32 studies were done in individualistic cultures?

Answer 50

27

Question 51

Why is the strange situation ethnocentric?

Answer 51

Devised in America and doesn't take difference in child rearing into account

Question 52

Affectionless psychopathy definition

Answer 52

Behavioural disorder where individual lacks ability to feel shame/guilt and lack social conscious. Find it easier to commit crime

Question 53

Bowlby said children could be susceptible to maternal deprivation up to how many years old?

Answer 53

5

Question 54

What issues are consequences of maternal deprivation?

Answer 54

Inability to form attachments, affectionless psychopathy, intellectual retardation, intellectual retardation, bedwetting, depression, dwarfism

Question 55

In Bowlby's study of 44 thieves, what percentage were diagnosed as affection less psychopaths?

Answer 55

86%

Question 56

Disinhibited attachment definition

Answer 56

Type of insecure attachment leading to inability to form close attachments. Makes the child attention seeking and treat strangers inappropriately, poor relations with peers

Question 57

Who conducted the Romanian orphan study?

Answer 57

Rutter

Question 58

How many Romanian orphans did Rutter study?

Answer 58

165

Question 59

In Rutter's study, how many orphans adopted before 6 months old?

Answer 59

58

Question 60

In Rutter's study, how many orphans adopted between 6-24 months old?

Answer 60

59

Question 61

In Rutter's study, how many orphans adopted between 2-4 months old?

Answer 61

48

Question 62

In Rutter's study at what ages were the orphans followed up?

Answer 62

4,6,11 and 15

Question 63

In Rutter's study, what was the control group?

Answer 63

52

Question 64

Findings from Myron-Wilson and Smith's study looking at attachment type and bullying involvement

Answer 64

Secure unlikely to be involved, resistant usually bullies, avoidant usually victim

Question 65

Who's study found no link between attachment and bullying?

Answer 65

Regensburg

Question 66

Who formed the love quiz?

Answer 66

Hazan and Shaver

Question 67

What was the aim of the love quiz?

Answer 67

See if correlation between infant attachment type and their future approach to romantic relationships

Question 68

Between what ages were the respondents to the love quiz?

Answer 68

14-82

Question 69

In the love quiz, what attachment type were found to experience love as obsessive/ extreme jealousy/ fear partner will leave them?

Answer 69

Resistant

Question 70

In the love quiz, what attachment type were found to experience love with fear of intimacy, and believed they don't need love to be happy?

Answer 70

Avoidant