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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Registering definition

A

Info inputs through sensory receptors

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2
Q

Capacity of STM

A

(7+/-2) seconds

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3
Q

Capacity of LTM

A

Unlimited

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4
Q

Duration of STM

A

15-30 seconds

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5
Q

Duration of LTM

A

Potentially a lifetime

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6
Q

Coding of STM

A

Acoustic

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7
Q

Coding of LTM

A

Semantic

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8
Q

Which two researchers conducted investigations into the capacity of STM

A

Jacobs and Miller

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9
Q

Jacobs study into capacity of STM

A

Digit span

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10
Q

Miller’s study into capacity

A

Chunking

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11
Q

Who did an investigation into the duration of STM?

A

Peterson and Peterson

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12
Q

Peterson and Peterson’s investigation into duration of STM

A

Trigram

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13
Q

In Peterson and Peterson’s trigram study into the duration of STM, what % of ps correctly recalled the trigrams after 3 seconds?

A

80%

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14
Q

In Peterson and Peterson’s trigram study into the duration of STM, what % of ps correctly recalled the trigrams after 18 seconds?

A

10%

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15
Q

Name of researcher who conducted an experiment into the duration of LTM

A

Barrack

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16
Q

What was Bahrick’s study into duration of LTM?

A

Yearbook

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17
Q

Names of the 2 conditions in Bahrick’s yearbook study

A

Recognition and recall

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18
Q

Ps who had graduated 15 years ago:
What % of the recognition group were accurate in yearbook study?

A

90%

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19
Q

Ps who had graduated 15 years ago:
What % of the recall group were accurate in yearbook study?

A

60%

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20
Q

Ps who had graduated 48 years ago:
What % of the recognition group were accurate in yearbook study?

A

70%

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21
Q

Ps who had graduated 48 years ago:
What % of the recall group were accurate in yearbook study?

A

30%

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22
Q

Which researchers investigated coding in STM and LTM?

A

Baddeley and Baddeley

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23
Q

How did Baddeley and Baddeley investigate coding in STM and LTM?

A

4 groups:
List A- acoustically similar words
List B- acoustically dissimilar words
List C- semantically similar
List D- semantically dissimilar
Read aloud on tape, ps have 40 seconds to recall as many as possible
Found, for STM- acoustically similar words harder to recall than dissimilar
For LTM- recall worse for semantically similar

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24
Q

Capacity of sensory memory

A

Very large

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25
Duration of sensory memory
250ms
26
Coding of sensory memory
Modality specific
27
For MSM of memory, it says forgetting from sensory memory is due to...
Decay
28
For MSM of memory, it says forgetting from STM is due to...
Decay displacement
29
For MSM of memory, it says forgetting from LTM is due to...
Interference retrieval failure
30
The working memory model is a model of which type of memory?
STM, the components of it
31
4 components of STM
Central executive Visuo-spatial sketchpad Episodic buffer Phonological loop
32
Definition of central executive
Decision maker, allocates slaves, synthesises info, very limited capacity
33
Visuo-spatial sketchpad definition
Sets up mental images, visual cache(stores visual info), Inner scribe(records order of objects on visual field)
34
Episodic buffer
Time sequencing, storage for central executive
35
Phonological loop
Stores sound based info, phonological store(stores sounds you hear), articulatory process(allows maintenance rehearsal of items stored in phonological store)
36
What did the dual task study involve
Done prior to forming MSM as showed 2 tasks can be done in STM simultaneously, shows not unitary Ps did reasoning task while reading aloud digits
37
3 types of LTM
episodic, semantic, procedural
38
What part of brain is active when doing semantic tasks
Left side of PFC
39
What part of brain is active when doing episodic tasks
Right side of PFC
40
What did the case study of HM show in regard to evidence for types of LTM?
Had difficulty recalling past events but did know concept of dog Shows damaged episodic memory but intact semantic
41
2 explanations for forgetting
Interference and retrieval failure
42
What happens during interference?
Info gets confused with other info during encoding One memory disrupts ability to recall another
43
Proactive interference
Old memory disrupts recall of new memory
44
Retroactive interference
New memory disrupts recall of old memory
45
How does McGeogch and McDonald support interference as an explanation for forgetting?
Studied retroactive interference by changing amount of similarities between 2 sets of materials Ps who learnt second list of synonyms has worse recall than those with unrelated adjectives
46
Retrieval failure definition
Forget when dont have necessary cues to access memory
47
ESP(encoding specificity principle) definition
To recall info, cue must be present at encoding and at retrieval
48
How does Godden and Baddeley's study of deep sea divers support external cues(context-dependent forgetting)
Ps learnt word list either on land or underwater then either stay in same location, or change location, for recall Less accurate recall when location different
49
How does Carter and Cassidy's antihistamine study support state-dependent forgetting(internal cues)
4 conditions: Learn on drug and recall on drug Learn on, recall off Learn without, recall without Learn without, recall on Found performance worse when mismatch between internal state at learning and recall
50
EWT definition
Ability to remember details of events like crime, which they have observed themselves
51
2 factors which affect accuracy of EWT
Misleading info and anxiety
52
2 types of misleading info which effects accuracy of EWT
Leading questions and post event discussion
53
Who investigated effects of leading questions on EWT, and found it lead to inaccurate recall
Loftus and Palmer
54
Who investigated effects of leading questions on EWT, and found it lead to had no effect on recall accuracy
Yuille and Cutshall
55
Yuille and Cutshall's experiment into effects of leading questions
21 witnesses of real gun robbery interviewed immediately after crime happened 13 agree to partake months later Some leading questions asked Found high accuracy in both accounts, leading questions had no effect
56
Who did an investigation into effect of PED on accuracy of EWT, and found PED led to inaccurate recall?
Gabbert
57
Gabbert's study into effect of PED on accuracy of EWT
60 students and 60 adults watch video of girl stealing from wallet Control group was being tested individually, also co-witness group Ps in co-witness group actually shown different videos, only one had seen the girl actually steal
58
In Gabbert's study, what % of witnesses in co-witness group recalled info they hadn't actually seen?
71%
59
Who conducted a study into the effect of anxiety on accuracy of EWT and found it reduced accuracy?
Johnson and Scott
60
Johnson and Scott's study into anxiety reducing accuracy of EWT
While ps in waiting room hear argument from other room Low anxiety condition= man walks through carrying pen with grease on hands High anxiety= Man walks through with paper knife covered in blood Ps have to identify the man from 50 pictures
61
In Johnson and Scott's low anxiety condition, what % of ps could identify the man?
49%
62
In Johnson and Scott's high anxiety condition, what % of ps could identify the man?
33%
63
How does Deffenbacher support Johnson and Scott's study?
Did meta-analysis of 18 studies looking at effect if anxiety on EWT accuracy. Clearly showed stress negatively impacts accuracy
64
Who conducted a study into the effect of anxiety on EWT and found it increased accuracy?
Christianson and Hubinette
65
Christianson and Hubinette's study into effect of anxiety on EWT
Question 58 witnesses of bank robbery Witnesses threatened more had more accurate detail as survival at risk so pay more attention
66
What does Yerkes-Dodson Law say?
Performance improves with greater arousal to optimal point then declines with further increase
67
Who found police not conducting standard interviews well?
Fisher
68
Who developed the cognitive interview?
Gieselman
69
How do the context reinstatement and report everything features of cognitive interview increase recall?
Increases number of cues
70
How do the recall in reverse order and from different perspective features of cognitive interview increase recall?
Overcomes schemas
71
How does Gieselman's study support the effectiveness of cognitive interview?
Showed ps video of crime and even tested them with standard interview, cognitive interview or interview under hypnosis, found cognitive elicited more info
72
How does Fisher support effectiveness of cognitive interview?
Showed its effectiveness in Miami police setting by training detectives to use cognitive interview with witnesses More info was recalled
73

Psychology (7 decks)

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