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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Statistical infrequency definition of abnormality

A

Looks at how often psychological phenomenon occurs in population, if rarely occurs its abnormal.
Lowest and highest 2.28%

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2
Q

Deviation from social norms definition of abnormality

A

Social norms are implicit and explicit rules for behaviour in society, behaviour going against these is abnormal.

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3
Q

Failure to function definition of abnormality

A

Abnormal if cant do everyday tasks

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4
Q

4 characteristics of abnormality as part of FFA

A

Observer discomfort, unpredictable, irrational, maladaptive

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5
Q

Deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality

A

Defines psychological health, abnormal if unaligned to it. Normality defined by Jahoda

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6
Q

Jahoda’s elements of ideal mental health

A

Positive view of self, self actualisation, environmental mastery, personal autonomy, accurate perception of reality, positive relationships

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7
Q

Emotional characteristics definition

A

How they feel

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8
Q

Cognitive characteristics definition

A

How are thought processes affected?

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9
Q

Phobia definition

A

Anxiety disorder, irrational fear which impacts on normal activities

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10
Q

Behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Avoidance, fight or flight

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11
Q

Emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Anxiety, distress

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12
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Keep attention on phobia, realise their phobia is irrational

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13
Q

What is the behavioural explanation of phobias?

A

Two-process model

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14
Q

What’s included in the two-process model?

A

Classical conditioning and operant

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15
Q

Generalisation of phobias definition

A

Learning phobia via classical conditioning means this learning can spread to similar situations, eg Little Albert learnt fear of rats (white) which was generalised to cotton wool

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16
Q

Extinction of phobias definition in terms of classical conditioning

A

Can be reversed if CS presented without UCS a few times

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17
Q

Classical conditioning explains why a phobia develops but not why its maintained, what does?

A

Operant conditioning

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18
Q

3 ways of behaviourist approach’s way of treating phobias

A

Extinguishing after classical conditioning, systematic desensitisation, flooding

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19
Q

Aim of systematic desensitisation

A

Replace fear response with calm one AKA counter conditioning

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20
Q

Reciprocal inhibition definition

A

Cant be relaxed and anxious at same time

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21
Q

3 stages of systematic desensitisation

A

1) Anxiety hierarchy
2) Taught relaxation techniques
3) Exposed to hierarchy in relaxed state

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22
Q

How does Gilroy’s followup of spider-phobes support systematic desensitisation?

A

Followed up 42 spider-phobes who’d either had SD or relaxation without exposure. SD group less fearful

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23
Q

Flooding definition

A

Expose person to fearful situation from which they cannot escape/ avoid, leave them until calm and their fear is extinguished, giving way to a relaxed state due to reciprocal inhibition, patient now sees no reason to fear it due to counter-conditioning. It works as body cant stay in such fear for long as get exhausted

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24
Q

Depression definition

A

Mood disorder, prolonged disturbance of mood

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25
Behavioural characteristics of depression
Poor or increased appetite, weight loss or gain, lack of sleep or oversleep, lack of energy, self-harm
26
Emotional characteristics of depression
Loss of interest in activities, low mood, low self esteem
27
Cognitive characteristics of depression
Cant concentrate, suicidal thoughts, negative absolutist thinking
28
How does the cognitive explanation explain depression?
Our thoughts influence our behaviour Behaviour influenced by schema Negative schema lead to NATs
29
What are the 2 cognitive models of depression?
Beck's cognitive triad and Ellis' ABC
30
3 components of Beck's cognitive triad
Negative view of self/world/future
31
How do Grazioli and Terry's study of pregnant women support Beck;'s negative triad?
Assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth. Found those who'd had higher cognitive vulnerability more likely to have post-natal depression
32
How does Cohen's study support Beck's negative triad?
Tracked 473 adolescents development and found early cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression
33
What do the ABC stand for in Ellis' model?
Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences
34
The belief we must always succeed is called...
Musterbation
35
The belief its always a disaster when things don't go smoothly...
I-cant-stand-it-itis
36
The belief the world must always be fair is called...
Utopianism
37
What's the cognitive treatment of depression?
CBT
38
Beck and Ellis proposed similar but different therapies what were they called and who's was who's?
CBT- Beck REBT- Ellis
39
Aims of CBT
Change problematic thinking patterns and abnormal behaviour, therapist challenges irrational thoughts
40
Beck's CBT involves...
Aim is challenge irrational thoughts. Therapist and patient form negative triad. Client challenges their irrational beliefs via reality testing. Get homework such as record when enjoy activity. Behavioural activation used where therapist helps client identify triggers for their mood so they can find different behavioural approaches
41
Ellis' REBT involves...
Based on idea depression caused by irrational thinking. Individuals develop self-defeating behaviours because of their faulty thoughts. Client realises their irrationality and adopt better problem-solving methods
42
Oedipus complex (weird one)
Oedipus complex (weird one) In the 3rd stage of psychodynamic development boys fear their father will chop off their penis
43
3 components of Ellis' REBT
Logical disputing- does thinking this way reflect the facts Empirical disputing- where's the evidence this belief is true Pragmatic disruption- what do I gain from thinking like this
44
How does March's study support CBT as effective?
Compared CBT to antidepressants and to a combination. After 36 weeks, 81% of CBT group and 81% of drug group improved. Just as good as drugs
45
Obsessions definition
Internal, intrusive, repetitive thoughts
46
Compulsions definition
External, repetitive behaviours
47
2 behavioural characteristics of OCD
Compulsions and avoidance
48
Emotional characteristics of OCD
Anxiety, depression, disgust
49
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
Obsessions, catastrophic thinking, insight(know their thought is irrational)
50
What are the 2 biological explanations of OCD?
Genetic and neural
51
What is the genetic explanation of OCD?
OCD inherited from parents via DNA or due to genetic mutation
52
What are the 2 genes involved in the genetic explanation of OCD?
SERT and COMT
53
Mutated SERT gene as genetic explanation of OCD
SERT regulates serotonin levels in brain and codes for a protein which transports some serotonin back into the pre-synaptic neuron. If SERT mutated, transporter protein gets overactive and mops up serotonin too fast before it reached post-synaptic neuron. Causes low serotonin, causing anxiety and OCD.
54
Mutated COMT gene as genetic explanation of OCD
COMT regulates dopamine neurotransmitter, dopamine involved in reward pathways. COMT codes for enzyme that breaks down dopamine in synaptic cleft. If mutated, enzyme produced will be faulty and not break down dopamine. Causes too high dopamine, expectation of reward increases. If no reward felt, causes unfulfilled expectation and anxiety which a compulsion satisfies
55
What's the neural explanation of OCD?
Says OCD sufferers have different brain structures. OFC responsible for high level thought processes. OFC sends signal to thalamus about potential danger Caudate nucleus filters messages sent by OFC. If caudate nucleus faulty, it won't suppress minor worry signals, thalamus alerted and OFC notified. Overactive OFC leads to obsessions and compulsions as think danger.
56
How do twin studies support genetic explanation of OCD?
Meta-analysis of 14 twin studies of OCD, found MZ twins 2x more likely to develop OCD if their twin did
57
How does Menzies study support neural explanation of OCD?
MRIs of brains of OCD patients and their immediate family without OCD and control group of unrelated healthy people. Found OCD patients and their family had less grey matter in some regions including OFC
58
What are the 2 biological OCD treatments?
SSRIs and Benzodiazepines
59
How do SSRIs treat OCD?
Increase serotonin by blocking pre-synaptic uptake of serotonin
60
How do benzodiazepines treat OCD?
Make you feel calmer as a sedative. Slows down CNS and boosts GABA which causes less post-synaptic neurones to be stimulated so less impulses are sent, making person feel calmer
61

Psychology (7 decks)

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