Social influence

Question 1

Conformity

Answer 1

The tendency to change what we do/think/say in response to the influence of others

Question 2

Compliance

Answer 2

Type of conformity. Most superficial type. Conform publicly to views expressed by others in the group. Private views unchanged.

Question 3

Identification

Answer 3

Type of conformity. Accept influence in order to be associated with another group. Views change publicly and privately in order to fit in. Identify with group. Change in belief may be temporary.

Question 4

Internalisation

Answer 4

Deepest type of conformity. Some views taken on permanently. Becomes part of their own views of the world. Accept the view publicly and privately.

Question 5

Normative social influence

Answer 5

Desire to be liked. Conform so liked. More likely to be temporary change. Likely to lead to compliance.

Question 6

Informational social influence

Answer 6

Desire to be right. Look to others we believe to be correct. Most likely in ambiguous situations. Likely to lead to permanent change as think doing the right thing. Likely to lead to internalisation.

Question 7

In Asch’s study, what percentage of people conformed to wrong answer?

Answer 7

37%

Question 8

Schultz hotel study for NSI

Answer 8

Exposed guests to message that 75% of guests reuse towels, makes people do it too.

Question 9

Affiliators definition

Answer 9

Seek being liked

Question 10

What did Perrin and Spencer find regarding conformity?

Answer 10

Studied engineering students, found very little conformity

Question 11

How many confederates in Asch’s study

Answer 11

6

Question 12

In Asch’s study, how many ps conformed on every trial?

Answer 12

5%

Question 13

Asch’s 3 variables affecting conformity

Answer 13

Group size/ Unanimity/ Task difficulty

Question 14

In Asch’s group size variable, when the majority rose to 3 confederates from only 1 or 2, conformity rose to what %?

Answer 14

30%

Question 15

In Asch’s unanimity variable, when the real p was given social support conformity levels dropped to what %?

Answer 15

5.5%

Question 16

Zimbardo’s prison study was terminated after how many days?

Answer 16

6

Question 17

How did Zimbardo gain his sample?

Answer 17

Volunteer sampling, ad in newspaper

Question 18

Obedience definition

Answer 18

Form of social influence where an individual follows a direct order. Person giving order usually figure of authority with power to punish if disobey.

Question 19

What did Milgram’s study show?

Answer 19

Ordinary people are very obedient even when asked to do something that goes against their own morality.

Question 20

How many ps went to 300V?

Answer 20

100%

Question 21

How many ps went to 450V?

Answer 21

65%

Question 22

% of people who obeyed when venue run down office

Answer 22

47.5%

Question 23

% of people who obeyed when given support from 2 others who refused

Answer 23

10%

Question 24

% of people who obeyed when an assistant flicked the switches, not them

Answer 24

92.5%

Question 25

What were the 2 reasons Milgram concluded why people obey?

Answer 25

Responsibility/ Perceived legitimate authority

Question 26

In Hofling's study, how many ps out of 22, obeyed confederate doctor giving 2x the maximum dose to a patient

Answer 26

21/22

Question 27

What % of people said they didn't regret partaking in Milgram's experiment?

Answer 27

84%

Question 28

3 explanations for obedience

Answer 28

Agency theory/ legitimate authority/ authoritarian personality

Question 29

Autonomous state

Answer 29

People aware of the consequences of their actions and feel responsible for them

Question 30

Agentic state

Answer 30

See themselves as agent simply carrying out the orders, don't feel responsible

Question 31

Binding factors

Answer 31

Keep person in agentic state, social etiquette

Question 32

How do Blass and Schmitt support agents state explanation for obedience

Answer 32

Showed students a film of Milgram's experiment and asked students who's responsible for harming learner, they blamed experimenter as he had high status as an expert

Question 33

3 Situational variables affecting obedience, Milgram's variations

Answer 33

Proximity/ location/ uniform

Question 34

Proximity evidence: When teacher and learner in same room obedience fell to...

Answer 34

40%

Question 35

Proximity evidence: When teacher had to force learner's hand onto electrocuted plate, obedience fell to

Answer 35

30%

Question 36

Uniform evidence: When experimenter in ordinary clothes obedience drops to

Answer 36

20%

Question 37

What is the dispositional explanation for obedience AKA?

Answer 37

Authoritarian personality

Question 38

What did F scale measure?

Answer 38

Authoritarian personality

Question 39

Authoritarian personality definition

Answer 39

Personality traits developed from strict parenting. Obedient to people of perceived higher status

Question 40

Middendrop and Meloen found what kind of people are more likely to have an authoritarian personality?

Answer 40

Less educated

Question 41

Allen and Levine did a study showing the influence of social support on obedience. They found it decreased obedience and what else about vision?

Answer 41

They did a variation where the social support wore glasses, giving invalid social support. Fine vision was valid social support. Both decreased conformity but more so with valid social support

Question 42

Mullen found what when disobedient models jay-walked?

Answer 42

Ps more likely to

Question 43

Locus of control definition as explanation for resisting social influence

Answer 43

People's perception of control over their own behaviour

Question 44

Internal LOC

Answer 44

Believe we are in control, resist social influence more

Question 45

External LOC

Answer 45

Believe what happens to them is out of their control, more likely to accept social influence

Question 46

Autgis' study on internal LOCs found...

Answer 46

they are less likely to conform

Question 47

Spector's study for LOC and social influence

Answer 47

Gave students LOC test. Found ps with high external LOC more likely to conform but only in situations with NSI. Suggest other factors and people with less need for acceptance also less likely to conform

Question 48

Minority influence definition

Answer 48

Form of social influence where minority persuade others to adopt their beliefs. Leads to internalisation where public and private views changed.

Question 49

Synchronic consistency

Answer 49

All members of group say same thing

Question 50

Diachronic consistency

Answer 50

Group consistent over time

Question 51

How can a minority group show commitment?

Answer 51

Making personal sacrifices

Question 52

Augmentation principle

Answer 52

Majority pay more attention to minority as they really believe in their cause

Question 53

In Moscovici's study, how many times out of 36 did the inconsistent condition say the slides were green

Answer 53

24/36

Question 54

In Moscovici's inconsistent condition what % of ps yielded

Answer 54

1.25%

Question 55

In Moscovici's consistent condition what % of ps yielded

Answer 55

8%

Question 56

How does Wood support consistency

Answer 56

Did meta analysis of studies of minority influence, found consistency made them more influential

Question 57

How does Mackie's view weaken minority influence?

Answer 57

Argues views of minority don't lead to greater processing, but its the majority that make us process our views more as we believe majority will share same beliefs as us, people don't spend time wondering if minority have different view

Question 58

Cognitive conflict definition

Answer 58

Conflict between what majority and minority believe

Question 59

Snowball effect

Answer 59

Minority influence spreads as more people consider the issue

Question 60

Social cryptoamnesia

Answer 60

People have memory that change occurred but don't remember how

Question 61

How does Nolan's study about reducing energy show conformity can lead to social change through NSI

Answer 61

Hung messages on front doors saying people trying to reduce energy usage. Found decrease in energy usage compared to control group

Question 62

How does Nemeth provide a limitation for using minority influence to explain social change?

Answer 62

Argued effects of minority influence indirect and delayed

Question 63

What did Dejong find regarding students and drinking norms which reduces support for social change

Answer 63

Found even though students received normative info that corrected their misperceptions of drinking norms, students didn't consume less alcohol