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Psychology > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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2
Q

generalisation

A

generalising the conditioned response to any stimulus

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3
Q

Watson and Raynor

A
  • gave a baby different animals, like a rat and dog etc
  • made a loud noise when the baby went to touch the animals
  • baby associated fear with the animals
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4
Q

Dollars and Miller

A

babies associate happiness with parents, as they tend to their needs, so they become attached

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5
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning through consequences

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6
Q

reinforcers

A

make it more likely to occur

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7
Q

punishers

A

make it less likely to occur

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8
Q

positive

A

is when something is added

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9
Q

negative

A

is when something is taken away

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10
Q

Skinner

A

Rats in a cage have a lever which they press to get food, but abandon the behaviour when no more food comes

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11
Q

extinction

A

abandoning behaviour when its no longer rewarding

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12
Q

secure attachment

A

a caregiver meets their needs, is emotionally avaliable and supportive

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13
Q

insecure resistant

A

a caregiver was there inconsistently and was often unable to meet their needs

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14
Q

insecure avoidant

A

caregivers were neglectful and unresponsive and children had to look after themselves

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15
Q

Strange Situation

A
  • ainsworth 1970

- 100 middle class infants aged between 9-18 months from America

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16
Q

disorganised attachment

A

isn’t secure and takes elements from each type

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17
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

demand characteristics for observations

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18
Q

stranger anxiety

A 
secure = avoids stranger when alone
resistant = avoids stranger all the time
avoidant = interacts normally
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19
Q

separation anxiety

A 
secure = distressed
resistant = very distressed
avoidant = no reaction
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20
Q

reunion behaviour

A 
secure = easily comforted
resistant = isn’t easily comforted
avoidant = no reaction
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21
Q

explorative behaviour

A 
secure = explores but uses mother as a safe base
resistant = won’t explore
avoidant = independent
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22
Q

Ijzendoorn and Krooneberg

A
  • meta analysis of 32 strange situations over 8 cultures
  • secure attachment is the most common type
  • Germany = avoidant
  • Japan = resistant
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23
Q

Takahashi

Study These Flashcards
A
  • strange situation with 60 middle class japanese families
  • had to be stopped early as it was unethical
  • no avoidant
  • 32% insecure
24
Q

Jin

Study These Flashcards
A

conducted in Korea, found that children were mostly secure, more insecure resistant and only one was avoidant

25
Harlow
- 1959 - monkeys raised with cloth and wire mothers - wire mothers fed them - seeks comfort and spent all the time with cloth mother
26
Lorenz
- 1935 - hatched geese and spent all the time with them - they followed him around and saw him as a mother
27
critical period
- 2 years | - the set amount of time a baby imprints on someone in
28
Schaffer and Emerson (stat)
37% of babies formed their first attachment with somebody other than who fed them
29
overt
participants are aware and have consented
30
covert
don't know they're being observed
31
naturalistic observation
observing participants in natural settings, with high ecological validity
32
participant observation
observer participates in a cultural tradition or new social group
33
controlled observation
takes place with selected participants
34
event sampling
recording every time you see a certain behaviour
35
time sampling
different time intervals decide when you observe
36
instantaneous sampling
already know the time and place to observe
37
content analysis
turning qualitative data in quantitative data
38
Schaffer and Emerson
- 1964 - 60 babies from Glasgow for the first 18 months of their lives - attachments made with carers who were sensitive to their signals
39
Asocial stage
0-6 weeks | similar responses to objects and people
40
indiscriminate attachment
6 weeks - 6 months | able to distinguish between people and has stranger anxiety
41
discriminate attachments
7 months + | shows a preference for one care giver and looks to people for security and comfort
42
multiple attachment
10 months + | attachments towards several people
43
attrition
sample gets worn down over time
44
Meltzoff and Moore
- 1977 - 2/3 week old infants mimicking facial and hand gestures - supports monotropic attachment
45
Murray and Trevathen
- 1985 - they showed 2 month old infants their mothers via a video call - played them pre recording
46
law of accumulated separation
no amount of separation is right for a child (Bowlby)
47
44 thieves study
- Bowlby 1944 - tested IQ and emotional attitudes of 44 thieves and children with emotional problems - social workers interviewed a parent about childs early life
48
44 thieves findings
- more than half of thieves had been separated from mothers for more than 6 months during first 5 years - 14 thieves were affection less psychopaths
49
affectionless psychopathy
a lack of emotional development leading to lack of concern for others, guilt and inability to form relationships
50
Rutter et al
- 2007 - 165 orphans in the uk - children adopted after 6 months showed disinhibited attachment - adopted before 6 months caught up before age 4
51
3 stages of monotropic attachment
- monotropy - social releasers - internal working model
52
Peter Smith (1998)
used questionnaires on 196 children aged 7-11 in London and found secure were unlikely to be involved, avoidant were the victims and resistance were the bulies
53
Gerard McCarthy (1999)
studied 40 women who had been assessed when they were infants and found secure and the best relationships, avoidant struggled to maintain friendships and avoidant struggled with intimicay
54
Hazan and Shaver (1987)
analysed 620 replies to a love quiz asking questions about current relationships, general experiences and what best describes their feelings - secure had long lasting romantic relationships - avoidant were jealous and had a fear of intimacy
55
Zimmerman (2000)
assessed infant attachment type and adolescent attachment to parents and found no relationship between the quality of attachment

Psychology (10 decks)

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