gender

Question 1

sex

Answer 1

refers to biological status and whether you are assigned male or female at birth

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

refers to someones psychological status, including social norms and cultural expectations we associate with this

Question 3

androgynous

Answer 3

mix of male and female

Question 4

Bem

Answer 4

• created the Bem Sex Role Inventory
• asked 600 questions about masculine and feminine characteristics
• most people were fairly androgynous

Question 5

Bian, Leslie and Cimpian (2017)

Answer 5

found that at 6, girls are already more likely to avoid games for ‘brilliant, really clever’ children

Question 6

Witt (1997)

Answer 6

suggested that androgynous upbringings may be more beneficial to children

Question 7

gender biology

Answer 7

• humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
• 23rd pair is either XX or XY
• the sperm is the gamete that determines the sex

Question 8

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Answer 8

• the sperm cell contains the sex determining region which leads to development of testes
• at 8 weeks, these can be insensitive to androgens so male development never happens

Question 9

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY)

Answer 9

• feminine physique
• 30% of cases lead to breast development
• small testes and possibly infertility
• poor language and reading skills
• passive temperament starting as a child

Question 10

Turner’s syndrome (XO)

Answer 10

• webbing in neck
• ovaries are undeveloped leading to infertility
• anorexia and amenorrhoea
• above average language skills
• socially immature

Question 11

primary sexual characteristics

Answer 11

genitals

Question 12

secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 12

voice deepening, breast growth, body hair growth

Question 13

testosterone in girls

Answer 13

• high levels lead to disorders like PCOS

- positively correlated with violent behaviour

Question 14

Oxytocin

Answer 14

• ‘love’ hormone produced across all sexes

- produced at most after giving birth or breastfeeding

Question 15

Young (1966)

Answer 15

opposite sex hormones were given to rats and they started acting like the opposite sex
- however gender is more complex than this§

Question 16

Kohlberg’s stages of learning gender

Answer 16

1. gender labelling
2. gender stability
3. gender consistency

Question 17

gender labelling

Answer 17

at age 2 or 3 infants begin to label others based on appearance

Question 18

gender stability

Answer 18

at age 4 children recognise gender is stable, so boys grow into men, but still view gender as superficial and based on clothes, toys etc

Question 19

gender consistency

Answer 19

at age 6 kids crack conservation and being to understand gender is a fixed status

Question 20

Thompson (1975)

Answer 20

found that 90% of 3 year olds could identify their sex accurately, compared to 76% of 2 year olds

Question 21

Slaby (1975)

Answer 21

asked young children questions such as ‘were you a girl or a boy when you were a baby’ and infants only began to give correct answers after age 4

Question 22

Martin et al (1990)

Answer 22

suggests these schemas are developed in 3 stages:

1. learning what is associated with each gender
2. grouping ideas together
3. rules begin to be formed

Question 23

Bauer (1993)

Answer 23

did different masculine and feminine things to see which children copy him and the girls would copy both actions, but boys would only copy masculine
- but the masculine was shaving a bear

Question 24

evaluation of Kohlberg

Answer 24

• reductionist
• difficult to measure
• lacks temporal validity
• doesn’t take into account non binary and androgynous

Question 25

Freud

Answer 25

to develop properly, children required 2 parents of opposite genders so they could identify with and inherit the values of each gender

Question 26

Patterson

Answer 26

found girls raised by lesbians have similar gender identities to those raised by heterosexual parents

Question 27

Horney (1967)

Answer 27

argued that men's womb envy was more prominent than penis envy

Question 28

internalisation - Freud

Answer 28

children identify with the same-sex parent as the means of resolving their complexes, so they will take on their values and attitudes

Question 29

Buss (1989)

Answer 29

- studied 37 cultures with 10,000 participants - asked them what they look for in a partner - men preferred younger partners who were physically attractive - women preferred older partners who were ambitious

Question 30

evaluation of Buss study

Answer 30

- ignores colonialism as we put these stereotypes onto all cultures, based off our culture - ignores economic disparity as women used to not have access to money - ignores different sexualities and diversity

Question 31

Williams (1986)

Answer 31

- studied remote cultures with no TV and then after TV | - gender stereotypes became massively enforced when TV was introduced

Question 32

Bee

Answer 32

children's books and media are the most stereotypical of gender roles

Question 33

Mead (1935)

Answer 33

studied tribes to see if gender is innate arapesh = similar to western stereotype mundugmoor = both genders are aggressive warriors tchambull = roles were reversed

Question 34

direct reinforcement

Answer 34

- children are more likely to be praised for demonstrating gender appropriate behaviour - they will imitate behaviour they see being rewarded

Question 35

indirect reinforcement

Answer 35

- they see the consequences of other people's behaviour which shapes their views e. g. seeing a young boy being bullied for being feminine

Question 36

4 cognitive processes to learning gender behaviour

Answer 36

1. attention 2. retention 3. motivation. 4. motor reproduction

Question 37

gender identity disorder

Answer 37

is a disorder underpinned by gender dysphoria which is the feeling of discomfort from being in the wrong body

Question 38

Coates (1991)

Answer 38

a boy fantasised about being a girl as his mother was heavily depressed from an abortion and this was his way of coping, so this disorder came from emotional trauma and neglect

Question 39

Stoller (1975)

Answer 39

gender identity disorder in boys comes from being too close to their mothers, meaning they become feminine

Question 40

Cole (1997)

Answer 40

studied 435 individuals with dysphoria and found that there was no greater incidence of psychiatric problems

Question 41

Zucker (1996)

Answer 41

did find that 64% of 115 boys with concerns about their gender identity did have seperation anxiety disorder

Question 42

transmedicalism

Answer 42

emphasises the requirements of trans people to medically transition and stresses biological causes

Question 43

Hare (2009)

Answer 43

- studied the DNA of 112 trans women - suggested the influence of a gene on the presence of a longer androgen receptor - this could reduce foetal testosterone and lead to a feminised brain