memory

Question 1

working memory model

Answer 1

short term memory processor of different types of information

• central executive
• phonological loop
• visuo spatial sketchpad
• episodic buffer

Question 2

central executive

Answer 2

attentional process that monitors incoming data, makes decisions and allocates systems to tasks

Question 3

phonological loop

Answer 3

• phonological store stores words you hear

- articulatory process allows repeating sounds to keep in the memory while needed

Question 4

visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 4

stores visual information and has a limited capacity

• visual cache
• inner scribe records the arrangement of visual objects

Question 5

episodic buffer

Answer 5

temporary stored information and integrates visual, spatial, and verbal information processed by other stores

Question 6

episodic memory

Answer 6

recalling events from our lives

Question 7

semantic memory

Answer 7

contains our knowledge of the world

Question 8

procedural memory

Answer 8

contains our memory for actions and skills which we can recall without conscious awareness

Question 9

coding

Answer 9

the format in which information is stored

Question 10

capacity

Answer 10

the amount of information that can be stored

Question 11

semantically

Answer 11

meanings

Question 12

acoustically

Answer 12

sound

Question 13

capacity of STM

Answer 13

around 7 items

Question 14

duration of STM

Answer 14

less than 18 seconds

Question 15

encoding of STM

Answer 15

acoustically

Question 16

Peterson and Peterson

Answer 16

• 1959
• recall of constant syllables was accurate 90% after 3 seconds
• 2% accurate over 18 seconds
• artificial as words were meaningless

Question 17

Baddeley on STM

Answer 17

• 1966

- found they struggled ordering acoustically similar words after just hearing them

Question 18

capacity of LTM

Answer 18

potentially unlimited

Question 19

duration of LTM

Answer 19

potentially unlimited

Question 20

encoding of LTM

Answer 20

semantically

Question 21

Bahrick et al

Answer 21

• 1975
• participants were 90% accurate at identifying faces from yearbooks 15 years later
• 48 years later, 70% accurate
• high external validity

Question 22

multi store model

Answer 22

• Atkinson and Shiffrin
• sensory register
• short term memory store
• long term memory store

Question 23

sensory register

Answer 23

• iconic memory stores visual information
• echoic memory is sound coded acoustically
• attention causes this information to pass into further memory

Question 24

short - term memory store

Answer 24

• maintenance rehearsal occurs when we repeat material to keep it in short term
• if we rehearse long enough if enters long term

Question 25

long - term memory store

Answer 25

- information rehearsed for a prolonged time | - recalling it means it has to be transferred back into short term memory by retrieval

Question 26

proactive interference

Answer 26

older memory interferes with new memory

Question 27

retroactive interference

Answer 27

new memory interferes with old memory

Question 28

Tulving and Pearlstone

Answer 28

- 1983 - learnt a word list and split into 2 groups - 40% of the words were remembered from free recall - 75% of the words were cued recall

Question 29

encoding specificity principle

Answer 29

if a cue is to help us to recall information is has to be present at encoding and retrieval

Question 30

Godden and Baddely

Answer 30

- 1975 - scuba divers learn and recall a list of words in 4 conditions - on land and underwater - recall was better when both environments matched

Question 31

Godwin et al

Answer 31

recall information learnt either when drunk or sober, easily recalled in the same state

Question 32

retrieval failure

Answer 32

- encoding specificity principle - context dependent forgetting - state dependent forgetting

Question 33

Loftus and Palmer

Answer 33

- 1974 - 5 groups of students were shown a clip of a car crash and all given different verbs - contacted had the mean speed of 31.8 mph - smashed had 40.8mph

Question 34

factors affecting eyewitness testimony

Answer 34

- anxiety | - misleading information

Question 35

negative effect of anxiety

Answer 35

creates physiological arousal in the body which prevents attention to important cues

Question 36

Johnson and Scott

Answer 36

- 1976 - 2 groups of participants overheard an argument - one group saw a man with a knife, and one with a pen - 49% of pen participants could identify him - 33% of knife could identify him

Question 37

tunnel theory

Answer 37

a witness' attention narrows to focus on a weapon as its the source of anxiety

Question 38

anxiety has a positive effect

Answer 38

the fight or flight response is triggered which increases our alertness and become more aware to cues

Question 39

Yerkes - Dosdon effect

Answer 39

there has to be a certain level of anxiety to create an accurate eyewitness testimony

Question 40

cognitive interview

Answer 40

- report everything - mental reinstatement - change the order - change perspective

Question 41

report everything

Answer 41

witnesses are encouraged to include every detail as it can trigger more memories

Question 42

mental reinstatement

Answer 42

witnesses return to the crime scene in their mind as the context will act as a cue

Question 43

change the order

Answer 43

witnesses have to recall the events in a different order to stop people just recalling their expectations of the incident

Question 44

change perspective

Answer 44

witnesses should recall the incident from other peoples perspective to reduce bias and stop expectations

Question 45

Baddeley on LTM

Answer 45

- 1966 | - struggled to recall a word list after 20 minutes and did worse with semantically similar words

Question 46

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 46

more accurate recall of team mates names when less games were played

Question 47

Yuille and Cutshall

Answer 47

- 1986 - interview witnesses of a real life shooting - higher levels of stress were more accurate recall

Question 48

evaluation of types of long term memory

Answer 48

- supported by Clive Wearing and HM - brain scan supports it - real life applications for training programmes for people with cognitive impairments

Question 49

evaluation of multi-store model

Answer 49

- coding research demonstrates difference between STM and LTM - there's more than one type of STM - there's more than one type of rehearsal

Question 50

evaluation of working memory model

Answer 50

- KF case supports it - dual task performance supports it - lack of clarity over central executive

Question 51

evaluation of interference theory

Answer 51

- artificial as wordlists aren't like everyday memory | - real life studies (Baddeley and Hitch sports teams) supports it

Question 52

evaluation of misleading information

Answer 52

- useful real life applications - tasks are artificial so may be more accurate in a real situation - individual differences can have an impact