psychopathology

Question 1

behavioural characterstics of depression

Answer 1

• feeling tired but insomnia
• avoiding people
• loss of appetite
• aggression

Question 2

emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 2

• feeling alone and useless
• loss of interest in activities
• anger at self or others
• low self esteem

Question 3

cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 3

• no concentration
• recall happy events
• focuses on negative aspects

Question 4

depression

Answer 4

a mood disorder lasting over 2 weeks, characterised by negative thinking

Question 5

Beck’s Negative Triad

Answer 5

• 1967
• negative views of the world
• negative views of the future
• negative views of theirself

Question 6

negative schema

Answer 6

is created from rejection or criticism in childhood, leading to self fulfilling prophecy and cognitive bias

Question 7

Clarke and Beck

Answer 7

• 2000
• assesses 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression
• high vulnerability leads to post natal depression

Question 8

Ellis ABC model

Answer 8

• 1962
• its not what happens to someone, its how they deal with it
• A = activating event
• B = belief
• C = consequence

Question 9

3 definitions of abnormality

Answer 9

1. deviation from social norms
2. failure to function adequately
3. statistical infrequency

Question 10

deviation from social norms

Answer 10

• some deviance is good
• risk of abuse to abnormal groups
• reductionist

Question 11

failure to function adequately

Answer 11

• applicable e.g mental health
• needs a greater consideration of context
• less risk of abuse

Question 12

statistical infrequency

Answer 12

• clear cut off points
• scientific and objective
• not all infrequency is bad

Question 13

Jahoda’s 6 criteria

Answer 13

1. positive attitude towards self
2. self-actualisation of potential
3. resistance to stress
4. personal autonomy
5. accurate perception of reality
6. adapting/mastering the environment

Question 14

issues with Jahoda

Answer 14

1. cultural expectations stop this
2. constrained by environment
3. responsibilities and cultural factors
4. contradicts 1
5. can’t control other people

Question 15

diagnostic criteria of OCD

Answer 15

• presence of a fear or routine that causes chronic anxiety
• interferes with an hour a day of life
• obsessions are persistent intrusive thoughts
• compulsions are ritualistic behaviour to avoid perceived consequences

Question 16

2 genes linked to OCD

Answer 16

COMT and SERT

Question 17

COMT gene

Answer 17

is linked to dopamine (reward chemical) meaning dopamine is less regulated and in greater supply

Question 18

SERT gene

Answer 18

is linked to the transport of serotonin, meaning there’s lower levels of it

Question 19

Szechtman et al

Answer 19

found increasing dopamine in rats caused new compulsive checking behaviours

Question 20

Nestadt et al

Answer 20

having first degree relatives with OCD made them have a risk 5x greater of having the illness at some time in their lives

Question 21

Billet

Answer 21

meta-analysis of 14 twins and found that identical twins were more than twice as likely to develop it if there twin had it compared to non-identical

Question 22

caudate nucleus

Answer 22

controls messages from the thalamus to the orbitofrontal cortex when it senses a danger and people with OCD have a much higher activity

Question 23

drug treatment for OCD

Answer 23

1. pre synaptic cell releases serotonin
2. this crosses the synapse and binds to receptors on post synaptic cell
3. it becomes excited or inhibited and passes signal along
4. spare serotonin is re-uptaken to stop us being constantly happy

Question 24

common drugs for OCD

Answer 24

Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

• increases serotonin in the synapse by stopping reuptake
• lexapro, prozac, celexa

Question 25

Soomro

Answer 25

SSRI's outperform placebos on 17 trials

Question 26

Benzodiazepines

Answer 26

enhance GABA neurotransmitter which calms down neurons in the brain including dopamine receptors

Question 27

evaluation of drug treatment

Answer 27

- can become dependent on them - valium is used recreationally so can be addictive - BZ's can cause vomiting, headaches, weakness - SSRI's can cause new suicidality, irratibility

Question 28

3 types of phobia

Answer 28

simple, social, agoraphobia

Question 29

simple phobias

Answer 29

or specific phobias, are the most common and there is an specific object that is the cause of the fear, split into: animal, injury, situational, natural

Question 30

social phobias

Answer 30

feelings of extreme anxiety in social situation, split into: performance, interaction, generalised

Question 31

agoraphobia

Answer 31

a fear of open or public spaces and can be caused by simple or social phobias

Question 32

Little Albert

Answer 32

- Watson and Rynor gave Albert small fluffy animals to play with then made a loud noise when he played with white rats which he associated with the animals

Question 33

Mourer (1947)

Answer 33

the 2 process model: classical teaches the phobia but operant reinforces it by negative reinforcement

Question 34

Mineka (1986)

Answer 34

monkeys raised in the wild learned a fear of snakes through observing their parents as captive monkey didn't have this fear

Question 35

systematic desensitisation

Answer 35

1. fear hierarchy 2. relaxation techniques 3. reciprocal inhibition

Question 36

fear hierarchy

Answer 36

the patient ranks a number of situations involving their phobia from least to most scary

Question 37

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 37

2 states can't be happening at the same time, so relaxation should overtake fear

Question 38

Mcgrath (1990)

Answer 38

a girl had a fear of sudden loud noises but by the fifth session she was able to pop the balloons herself, suitable treatment for 75% of cases

Question 39

Gilroy et al (2002)

Answer 39

examined 42 patients who became less fearful then a control group, and the treatment lasted 33 months

Question 40

flooding

Answer 40

there's only so much adrenaline you can produce so after a while with the phobia you will calm down