Attachment P1

Question 1

Reciprocity

Answer 1

• How two people interact
• how people respond to each others signals
• elicit responses from each other

Question 2

Interactional synchrony

Answer 2

Caregiver and baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other in synchrony

Question 3

Alert phase

Answer 3

When babies signal they are ready to interact

Question 4

Stages of attachment

Answer 4

1. Asocial stage
2. Indiscriminate stage
3. Specific stage
4. Multiple attachments

Question 5

Asocial stage

Answer 5

Similar behaviour towards objects and humans but prefers humans, first few weeks.

Question 6

Indiscriminate stage

Answer 6

2-7 months, definite preference for humans, some recognition.

Question 7

Specific stage

Answer 7

From 7 months, attachment to one adult. Stranger and separation anxiety.

Question 8

Multiple attachment

Answer 8

Shortly after specific attachment, display separation anxiety towards other caregivers too.

Question 9

Schaffer and Emerson’s research

Question 10

3 types of attachment

Answer 10

Secure attachment
Insecure avoidant
Insecure resistant

Question 11

Secure attachment

Answer 11

• moderate proximity seeking
• moderate exploration/ secure base
• moderate stranger anxiety
• moderate separation anxiety
• strong response to reunion

Question 12

Insecure avoidant

Answer 12

• low proximity seeking
• high exploration/ secure base
• low stranger anxiety
• low separation anxiety
• very weak response to reunion

Question 13

Insecure resistant

Answer 13

• high proximity seeking
• low exploration/ secure base
• high stranger anxiety
• high separation anxiety
• low response to reunion

Question 14

Cupboard love

Answer 14

Based on the biological approach I think about how love is only developed because the caregiver is a provider of food

Question 15

Strange situation procedure

Answer 15

Procedure has 7 episodes
1. Baby encouraged to explore - tests exploration and secure base
2. A stranger comes in, talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby - tests stranger anxiety
3. The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together - tests separation and stranger anxiety
4. The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves - tests reunion and exploration/ secure base behaviour
5. The caregiver leaves the baby alone - tests separation anxiety
6. The stranger returns - test stranger anxiety
7. The caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby - tests reunion behaviour

Question 16

Learning theory (behaviourist) as an explanation of attachment

Answer 16

Cupboard love - uses classical condition, baybe associates the pleasure of being fed with thier caregiver forming love
Operant conditioning - baby’s cry as their behaviour is reinforced when the mother comforts them
Attachment is a secondary drive hunger is a primary drive

Question 17

Lorenz

Answer 17

Findings - the incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere and the natural group followed their mother, even when they were mixed up. This called imprinting. There is a critical period where I printing needs to take place

Question 18

Sexual imprinting

Answer 18

The species you imprint on at birth is the species you will be sexually attracted to later, peacock raised around giant tournoises only wanted to then fuck giant tournoises

Question 19

Harlow procedure

Answer 19

• about contact comfort
• reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire monkeys as mothers, one clothed and one not
• two conditions, milk was d’essences from the wire monkey or the cloth monkey

Question 20

Harlow findings

Answer 20

The monkeys cuddles with the cloth mother over the wire mother no matter which one dispensed milk showing contact comfort is more important than food when it comes to attachment

Question 21

Critical period for normal development Harlow

Answer 21

Found that the monkey had to be introduced within 90 days in order for attachment to form

Question 22

Maternally deprived monkeys as adults

Answer 22

• didn’t developed normal social behaviour
• more agressive
• had less sex and were ‘unskilled’
• were really shit mothers sometimes neglecting or attacking their children

Question 23

Bowlby’s monotropic theory

Answer 23

• rejected learning theory as an explanation of attachment
• evolutionary image system that gives survival advantages
• emphasis and special relationship with PAF
• the more time spent with the PAF the better

Question 24

Bowlbys social releases

Answer 24

Baby’s have innate cute behaviour ‘social releases r’ to get adults to starch to them

Question 25

Bowlbys critical period

Answer 25

Around 6 months where infants are more sensitive to attachment

Question 26

Bowlbbies internal working model

Answer 26

Infant has a representation of the relationship with thier PAF which then serves as a model for the child’s later relationships especially with thier future children

Question 27

Studies about early attachment effecting later relationships

Question 28

Wilson and Smith 1998

Answer 28

Not finished flash card studies abt attatcent type affecting billing

Question 29

There’s quite a few of these studies sort it out bruv but tonight I’m too tired sorry

Question 30

The role of fathers studies

Question 31

Grossman et al

Answer 31

Longitudinal studie where babies attatchment was studied until they were teens, found that the quality of attatchment with the mother was a good predictor of later relationship but the father had less effect, quality of play with father had greater effect

Question 32

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenbrg

Answer 32

Procedure: meta analysis comparison of attachment types in 32 studies in eight countries Findings: Found more variation of attachment type within same country than between countries

Question 33

Other curtal variations studies

Answer 33

Simonelli et al. Half secure and a third insecure–avoidant in Italy. Jin et al. Most secure and a substantial minority insecure–resistant in Korea. Conclusions Secure attachment the norm across a range of cultures (innate). Some variation linked to cultural practices

Question 34

Maternal deprecation

Answer 34

Prolonged separation from PAF that results in lack of emotional care

Question 35

Bowlby’s 44 thief study

Answer 35

Examined the link between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprecation Procedure: 44 teen thieves were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy, then their family was also interviewed to see if the thieves went through prolonged separation control group were non criminal but emotional disturbed Findings: 14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths 12/14 had experienced prolonged separation, only 5 of the other 30 thieves had experience prolonged separation, 2/44 in control group experienced prolonged separation

Question 36

Effects of prolonged separation

Answer 36

Stunted intellectual and emotional development

Question 37

Rutter at al. Procedure

Answer 37

- followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans who had been adopted by UK families - a group of 52 children from the UK served as a control group - they were assessed for physical, cognitive and emotional development every couple of years

Question 38

Rutter et al. Finding

Answer 38

Adopted after 6 months will exhibit disinhibition attachment and lower IQ when assessed at 11 before 6 months had 102 and after 6 months had 86 on average

Question 39

Zeanah et al research

Answer 39

Assessing 95 Romanian children aged 12-31 months who had spent their lives institutionalised - compared to a control group of 50 children who had never been institutionalised - assessed using strange situation and cares we’re asked for songs of disinhibited attachment

Question 40

Zeanah et al finding

Answer 40

Institutionalised: 19% securely attached 44% disinhibited Control group: 74% securely attached >20 disinhibited

Question 41

Effects of institutionalisation

Answer 41

- disinhibited attachment - intellectual disability (this can be reversed if adopted before 6 months as Ritter said)

Question 42

Disinhibited attachment

Answer 42

Being equally friendly to strangers, no stranger anxiety Ritter explained this to adapting to living with multiple caregivers during critical period

Question 43

cultral vairations in attatchment A03

Answer 43

strengths limmitations