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11 Pyschology > Relationships P3 > Flashcards

Relationships P3 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychical attraction

A
  • facil symmetry
  • neoteny
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2
Q

Research and role of neoteny

A
  • baby like fetures conger feelings of protectivness
  • prefernce supported corss culterly
  • Cunningham’s cross- cultural study found similar correlations between scores on neotenous features and attractiveness ratings for White American, Hispanic and Asian students
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3
Q

Research and role of facial similarity

A
  • Symmetry: honest (hard to fake) signal of good genes
  • Associated with better health, i.e., genetic fitness
  • Preference for symmetry supported by range of lab + cross- cultural studies
  • Langlois: strong correlation of +0.7 in humans between symmetry and ratings of attractiveness in digitised pictures
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4
Q

Explain reason and evidence why there would be a cross cultrual agreement in attraction

A
  • Based on evolution: traits that enhance survival and reproduction preferred
  • Symmetry +signs of health => survival of partner / offspring
  • Langlois: x- cultural meta- analysis, judgements of attractiveness correlated strongly between cultures: +0.94
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5
Q

Explain reason and evidence why there would be a cross cultrual disagreement in attraction

A
  • Individual differences could be idiosyncratic / variable
  • Cultural differences due to ‘mere exposure’ effect or socialisation
  • Zhan: x- cultural study: cultural differences in preference for some facial features, e.g., Europeans prefer pouty mouths
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6
Q

Role and reserch of halo effect in attraction

A
  • Halo effect: tendency to attribute other positive qualities to physically attractive people so, people treat attractive people more positively
  • Supported by a range of lab + cross- cultural studies
  • Wheeler & Kim cross- cultural study: attractive people seen as more trustworthy and concerned for others by Korean and self-assertive and dominant by North Americans
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7
Q

Matching hypothesis

A
  • want the most attractive partner possible
  • We want to avoid rejection from more physically attractive people
  • Most aim to get the most attractive person consistent with their own attractiveness
  • Mismatched couples have jealousy + resentment issues, so are more likely to break up
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8
Q

Walster computer dance experiment

A
  • When not guaranteed a date unless recipient of their request agreed, pps tended to request a date with someone of similar attractiveness
  • People aim for most attractive partner consistent with their own attractiveness
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9
Q

Berscheid’s adaptation of Walster computer dance

A
  • When not guaranteed a date unless recipient of their request agreed, pps tended to request a date with someone of similar attractiveness
  • People aim for most attractive partner consistent with their own attractiveness
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10
Q

Feringolds meta anlysis

A
  • +0.39 correlation of attractivness in people in coples
  • +0.5 in long term coples
  • people end up with someone moderatly similar in attractivness
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11
Q

Self disclosure

A
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12
Q

Filter therory stages

A
  1. social demographic
  2. Similarity it attitudes
  3. Complemetratiy
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13
Q

Comparison level for alternatives

A
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14
Q

Comparison level

A
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15
Q

Stages of relationship

A
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16
Q

Le and Agnew meta analysis VERY IMPORTANT MAKE SURE U UNDERSTAND IT COMPLETELY

A
  • Rewards / costs and commitment correlate +0.68
  • Comparison levels and commitment correlate -0.48
    investment 0.46 (IM gives better explantion than SET)
    OR
  • Rewards / costs explain 30% of variance in commitment
  • Comparison levels explain 15% of variance in commitment
  • Rewards / costs is a moderately strong factor in commitment
  • Comparison levels are a small factor in commitment
    N of studies = 52
    N of ppts = >1000
    5 different countries
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17
Q

Equity theory

A
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18
Q

Utne equity theory study

A
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19
Q

Walster

A
20
Q

Limit to relationship studies

A
21
Q

Duck’s phase model of relationship breakdown

A
  1. Intra - pyschic, personaly questioning disatifaction
  2. Dydadic, disscussion with the partner
  3. Social, disscussion with friends
  4. Grave dressing, creating a more digestable story, public consumption
22
Q

5th stage of Duck’s phase model

A

Resurection - apply lessons learned in new relationship, Rolli and Duck

23
Q

Strength of Duck’s phase model (2)

A

Model is based on esearch evidence
- survey evidence of seperated coples
- analysisng data for patterns
Real life application
- relationship cousellor
- differnt strategies appropriate in differnt stages

24
Q

Limitation of Duck’s phase model (3)

A

Quality of evidence
- self report method
- retrospective
- may give social desirable responce
Cultrial bias
- only westerncultures
- differnt in collective cutlrures, arranged marriges
- family may be more involved in collectivus culters
Description, not explantion
- incomplete
- donst explain why inital problems occur
- however Ducks model isnt trying to explain this

25
Q

Buss study on sexual selection (AO3)

A
  • cross cultrial study of 37 countries
  • 10,000 ppts
  • survey/self repot asking about sexual prefernces
  • women were more concerned about resources (36/37 countries)
  • men were more concerned about attrativness and youth, fertility, (37/37 countries)
  • Difference in importance now reflects preferences that would have led to reproductive success in the EEA​
26
Q

Clark and Hatfield study on sexual selection (AO3)

A
  • got students of the oppostie sex to offer sex to students
  • 75% of men said yes
  • 0% of women said yes
  • show women are more choosy
  • this is hypothesied beacuse women invest more in thier children as can only have so many so want a partner to provide
  • confounding variable tho cos women fear violence
  • Difference in willingness now reflects preferences that would have led to reproductive success in the EEA​
  • Casual sex for males increases chance of reproduction​
  • Casual sex for females leads to risk of pregnancy to partner with poor genes / weak investment in offspring
27
Q

Critisism of sexual selcetion about gender stereotype reinforment

A
  • Reinforces stereotypes about men and women​
  • That women want / should want fewer sexual partners than men​
  • Reinforces sexual double standards: slut shaming​
    OR​
  • That men are / should be the main provider of resources​
    That women are / should be the main carer for children​
  • Reinforces stereotypes about ‘real’ men and women ​
28
Q

absorbtion addiction model for parasocial relationships

A
29
Q

differnt levels of parasocial relationships (celebrity attitude scale)

A
30
Q

attatchment theory as an explanation for parasocial relationships

A
31
Q

McCutcheon study of predictive validity of celebrity attidtude scale as measure of parsocial relationships

A
  • More anxiety in relationships at higher levels
  • Types in model associated with variables we would expect (predict) they would be
  • Suggests model has predictive validity
32
Q

Maltby study of absortion addiction model

A

*Girls with intense parasocial relationship had poor body image
*Absorption: identify with celebrity / want similar body?
*Addiction: to celebrity and losing weight?

33
Q

McCutcheon study of absorbtion addiction model

A
  • Those who scored high for impulsiveness were more likely to have strong attachments to celebrities
  • Parasocial relationships and impulsivity both involve lack of self- control and escalation of behaviour
  • Similar to addiction
34
Q

Dinkha’s study of attatchment theory of parasocial relationishps

A
35
Q

McCutcheon study of attatchment theory of parasocial relationishps

A
36
Q

Rusbult’s investment model

A
  • comparison level for alternatives
  • investment
  • satifaction
    –> commitment level –> probility of persictance
    high - stay together
    medium - relationship maintainece mechanism
    low - break up
37
Q

how is rusbult’s investment model differnt to SET

A

has CLalt and satifaction like SET but however adds third elemnt of investment size makes independant impact on commitment

38
Q

Rusbult’s two types of investment

A

Intrinsic - resources put directly in the relationship such as money or energy
Extrinsic - resources closely related to relationship such as houses, friends and children

39
Q

Methological evalustion of Le and Agnews meta anlysis/ studies of investment model or SET

A
  • one limitation is that it is a correlational studie and connot be sure that satifaction inceasres commitment or vice versa, this weakens scientific credibility
  • one strength is that it is a meta anlysis of 52 studies and 11,000 pps this enchaces scientific credibility
40
Q

how might SET or IM explain abusive relationships

A
  • both about the perception of quality of alternatives
  • IM includes investment wheras SET doesn’t
  • Rusbult and Martz found that victims of domestic abuse who returned to thier partner reported more investment and fewer alternatives
  • therefore IM has more explanatory power that SET
41
Q

reduced cues theory

A
  • reduced non verbable cues such as facial expression and tone of voice
  • deindividualisation
  • disinhibitation
  • lack of ability to infer meaning reduces self disclosure
  • leads to aggresive behavoir
  • reduced desire in self disclusre
42
Q

hyperpersonal model

A
  • animonity
  • less acountable/ consequences
  • selctive seld presentation
  • hyperhonesty
  • hyperdishonesty
  • inceare in self disclousre
43
Q

the role of the gate

A
44
Q

reducded cues theroy Ao3

A

Zimbardo
- dressed in uniform or somthing
Walther and Tidwell (limmitation)
- ppl online also use cues such as timing and styles

45
Q

Ruppel at al

A

meta analysis i think
agrees with reduced cues theory but only just

46
Q

hyperpersonal modle AO3

A

Whitty and Johnson
Joinson (2001)

47
Q

absence of gating AO3

A

McKenna and Bargh
McKenna 2002

11 Pyschology (21 decks)

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