Forensics P3

Question 1

Limitations of top down approach evidence

Answer 1

• small unrepresentative sample size
• biseau as predominately serial killers
• no standardised question in the interviews with the 36 killers

Question 2

Meketa’s analysis

Answer 2

Top down profiling been applied to burglary leading to an 85% rise in solved cases, also added two new categories interpersonal or opportunistic suggesting top down method has wider application

Question 3

Canter at al.

Answer 3

Conducted a smallest space analysis (correlation across different samples of behaviour) on 100 US murders that revealed that there does seem to be a subset of features of many serial killings which matched typology if organised offenders, however maybe the types aren’t mutually exclusive and the typology is more of a continuum

Question 4

Organised and disorganised offenders

Question 5

Smallest space analysis

Question 6

Interpersonal coherence

Question 7

Canters circle theory

Question 8

How bottom you approach works

Question 9

Canter and Heritage’s analysis on investigative psychology

Question 10

Lundergin and Canter geographical profilling

Question 11

Copsonb survey on usefulness of bottom up approach

Question 12

Atavistic features

Answer 12

• narrow brow
• promo are jaw
• high cheekbones
• asymmetrical

Question 13

Who and permis of atavistic form

Answer 13

Lombroso, criminals were a genetic throwback and were a primitive subspecies

Question 14

Evidence and limitations of evidence of Lombrosos based his theory on

Question 15

Distinction between 3 offender types

Answer 15

Murderers: bloodshot eyes, curly hair, long ears
Sexual deviants: glinting eyes, fleshy lips, projecting ears
Fraudsters: thin lips

Question 16

Findings of Gorings analysis of atavistic firm

Question 17

Racism in Lomboroso theory

Question 18

three factors that make up the criminal personality Ensenck

Answer 18

• extroverted, underactive nervouse system
• neurotic, high reactive sympathetic nervous system (both factors hard to condition)
• psychotic, lack empathy

Question 19

Eysenck and Eysenck research

Question 20

Farmington research

Question 21

Bartol and Holanchock study

Question 22

Barbee minimilasltion study results

Answer 22

Out of 26 rapists 54% denied it and 40% minimilised it

Question 23

Schonönenberg and Justyes study

Answer 23

Found violent offender were more likely than non offenders to perceive facial expressions as and angry and hostile (needs more information)

Question 24

Euphemistic label

Question 25

Holtworth Monrow and Hutchinson

Answer 25

Found link between hostile attribution bias and domestic violence
• showed men vignettes of difficult martial situations
• men who had a history of domestic violence were more likely to interpret the women as hostile
• demonstrates cognitive styles underpins violent acts

Question 26

Evaluation of Holtworth Monrow and Hutchinson

Answer 26

• hypothetical situation lacks predictive validity
• may not be accurate of what actually happens
• may interpret situation as more hostile than recorded
• hostile attribution bias cannot explain all offending behaviour
• cannot explain planned aggression
• not a full explanation

Question 27

Pro of cognitive distortion reserch

Answer 27

• helps treat criminal behaviour, CBT

Question 28

Farrington et al.

Answer 28

• longtitidinal study
• development of offending antisocial behaviour in 411 boys began aged 8

Question 29

Farrington et all results

Answer 29

• 41% convicted at least once between 10 and 50
• avg conviction was between 19-28 and included 5 convictions
• 7% we’re chronic offenders

Question 30

Farrington et al

Answer 30

Childhood risk factors for later off ding were measured at 8-10 and were family criminality, risk taking, low school attainment, poverty and poor parenting

Question 31

Doffrenctial asscociation theory

Question 32

Ineadequate super ego

Question 33

Theory of maternal deprecation a

Question 34

How to Ken economy is effectively implemented

Answer 34

• oppertarionalise the goals for prisoners
• scoring system
• train staff

Question 35

Hobbs and Holt 1976 to Ken economy

Question 36

Repucci and Saunders 1974 tocken economy

Question 37

Long term effect of tocken economy

Question 38

Stages of anger management

Answer 38

1. Cognitive preparation, reflect on pat experiences and elegant triggers the anger
2. Skill acquisition, learn techniques such as self talk and methods of relaxation like counting to 10
3. Practice application, role play

Question 39

Keens results on anger management

Answer 39

• assesses national anger management package
• increased capacity to exercise self control in young offenders
• aged 16-17

Question 40

Blackburn’s criticism of anger management

Answer 40

Little evidence of reduced recidivism in long term, may be because application phase of treatment still relies on role play wich may not properly reflect all possible triggers

Question 41

Ireland’s study on anger management

Answer 41

A group took part in national anger management package compared to a control group, 92% umpire ex in one measure and 48% showered improvement on the checklist and self report whilst no improvement in the control

Question 42

what the neural explantion of offending is based on

Answer 42

APD, antisocial personality disorder
- lack of empathy
- reduced emotional responce

Question 43

Raine (neural explanation)

Answer 43

• people with APD have reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex
• prefrontal cortex regulate emotion
• uses brain scans
• 11% reduction in grey matter in the prefrontal cortex of APD conmpared to controlls

Question 44

Keyrer (neural explanation)

Answer 44

• When asked to show empathy to others, mirror neurons are activated in offenders with APD
• They experience empathy more sporadically
• Have a ‘neural switch’ that sometimes triggers empathy

Question 45

Kandel and Freed (neural explanation)

Answer 45

• Damage to frontal lobes associated with impulsivity, emotional instability and inability to learn from mistakes
• All linked to offending behaviour
• Suggests frontal lobe damage involved in offending

Question 46

Cognitive explanation of offending

Answer 46

level of moral reasoning

Question 47

Khloberg level of moral reasion

Answer 47

stage 1
1. avoid punishment
2. personal gain
stage 2
3. for approval
4. functioning society
stage 3
5. chaleng the rules if infringe on other’s rights
6. own set of ethic principles

Question 48

Kolberg reserch and evaluation

Question 49

Thornton and Reid

Answer 49

lower levels of moral resoning assicated with imprudent crime high risk compastred to expected gain

Question 50

Palmer and Hollins

Answer 50

11 dilemas