Psychopathology P1

Question 1

The three characteristics of phobias

Answer 1

• behavioural
• emotional
• cognitive

Question 2

3 Behavioural characteristics of phobias

Answer 2

• panic
• avoidance
• endurance

Question 3

Emotional characteristics of phobias

Answer 3

• anxiety
• fear
• unreasonable emotional response

Question 4

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

Answer 4

• selective attention to phobia stimulus
• irrational beliefs
• cognitive distortions

Question 5

The two process model for phobias

Answer 5

Phobias are initiated through classical conditioning (associations) and maintained through operant conditioning (consequences)

Question 6

Systematic desensitisation

Answer 6

• Gradual exposure to the phobia to relearn a new reaction to the stimulus
• called counter conditioning using the principle of classical conditioning, inhibition and things

Question 7

The process of systematic desensitisation

Answer 7

1. Anxiety hierarchy
2. Relaxation (reciprocal inhibition)
3. Exposure, work thier way through the hierachy whilst maintaining relaxation

Question 8

Flooding

Answer 8

Immediate and intense exposure to the phobia, this stops a phobic response very quickly as without the option of avoidance behaviour they learn the stimuli is harmless through what is called extinction. A learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Beck’s negative triade

Answer 9

Explains vulnerability to depression in cognitive terms
- negative view of the world
- negative view of the future
- negative view of self

Question 10

Cognitive approach to depression

Answer 10

Becks negative triade
Ellis ABC model

Question 11

Ellis’s ABC model

Answer 11

Ellis thought depression came from irrational thought and the cure is rational thought, the abc model to explain and identify
- A activating event, triggers the belief
- B beliefs, everything must be perfect
- C consequences, emotional and behavioural consequences can trigger depression

Question 12

Becks factors that cause depression

Answer 12

• Faulty information process
• Negative self schema
• The negative triad

Question 13

Becks cognitive therapy

Answer 13

• first identify the automatic thoughts negative triade
• once thoughts are identified they must be challenged
• client is set homework to challenge the negative thought in their every day life

Question 14

Ellis rational emotive behaviour therapy

Answer 14

• extends the ABC model to D for dispute and E for effect
• central technique is to identify and dispute irrational thoughts
• up to psychologist to dispute irrational belief with empirical (evidence) and logical (facts) arguments

Question 15

Behavioural emotional and cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 15

Behavioural - compulsions to repeat behaviour, to reduce anxiety and avoidance
Emotional - anxiety with depression and guilt
Cognitive - obsessive thought, rituals and insight into anxiety

Question 16

Candiate genes

Answer 16

Specific genes are likely to be involved in venerability

Question 17

Polygenic
How many genetic variations may be involved in OCD

Answer 17

230 genetic variations may involved in OCD (coding serotonin)

Question 18

The role of serotonin

Answer 18

A neurotransmitter that regulates the mood and repetitive activity, low serotonin means mood related info and knowing when to stop may not happen

Question 19

OCD may happen due to

Answer 19

• disrupted serotonin system
• damage to frontal lobes
• genetic mutation

Question 20

Biological approach to treating OCD

Answer 20

Drugs that increase or decrease levels of neurotransmitters

Question 21

SSRI

Answer 21

Prevents the reabsorption of serotonin into the presynaptic neurone and increase serotonin levels

Question 22

how do SSRI work?

Answer 22

• Not all neurotransmitters bind to post- synaptic receptor sites
• Instead, they are reabsorbed into the synaptic vesicle
• They then break down before being re- used (re- uptake)
• SSRIs block the synaptic vesicle
• So, more serotonin is available to bind to receptors

Question 23

differnt types of SSRI and why/why not theyre used

Question 24

how do SSRIs aliviate OCD symptoms

Answer 24

• Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter​
• Those with OCD have lowserotonin
• Insufficientinhibition / toomuchelectrical activity​
• SSRIs are serotonin agonists
  i.e., they increaselevels of serotonin
• Enhance inhibitory effect of serotonin
• Reduceelectrical activityacross brain, including orbital frontal cortex
• Alleviates obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviour
• high serotonin also aliviates mood and depression

Question 25

strngths and limmiations of drug therpaies for OCD

Question 26

How long does SSRI take to have an effect on the patient

Answer 26

3-4 months

Question 27

Drugs with therapy

Answer 27

Drugs reduce a personal emotional symptoms allowing them to better focus on the therapy witch has a long term effect

Question 28

Four definitions of abnormalities

Answer 28

Deviation from social norm
Statistical infrequency
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from ideal mental health

Question 29

Evaluation of statistical infrequency as an explanation of abnormality

Question 30

Evaluation of deviation from social norms as an explanation of abnormality

Question 31

Evaluation of failure to function as an explanation for abnormality

Answer 31

+ Represents a threshold for help so resources can be targeted to those who need it most
- Can label alternative life style as abnormal and discriminate of what’s different

Question 32

Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health as an explanation for abnormality

Question 33

statistical infrequency

Question 34

deviation from social norms

Question 35

deviation from ideal mental health

Question 36

failure to function