Attachment - Paper 1

Question 1

What was Lorenz’s aim?

Answer 1

To investigate imprinting in attachment formation

Question 2

What was Lorenz’s procedure?

Answer 2

1. Randomly split batch of grey goose eggs into two
2. One group hatched by mum natural environment (control group). Other hatched in incubator first moving object they saw was Lorenz
3. Behaviour was observed
4. Observed effect of imprinting on adult mate preferences

Question 3

What were Lorenz’s findings?

Answer 3

1. Experimental group imprinted on Lorenz; followed him
2. Control group imprinted on mother
3. When two groups mixed, control group continued to follow mother and experimental followed Lorenz
4. Imprinting only occurred within critical period (between 4 and 25 hours)
5. Geese who imprinted on human later displayed courtship behaviour towards humans

Question 4

What are the negative evaluation points against Lorenz’s study?

Answer 4

Crticial period questioned by Sluckin: replicated research using ducklings. Ducklings imprinted on him but he kept one in isolated beyond the critical period. Found it was still possible to imprint it and concluded it was actually a sensitive period

Imprinting can be reversed: Guiton found chickens who imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults but eventually learned to prefer mating with other chickens suggest impact of imprinting on mating behaviour isn’t permanent

Question 5

What was Harlow’s aim?

Answer 5

To find whether contact comfort was more important in attachment than food (Cupboard love)

Question 6

What was Harlow’s procedure?

Answer 6

1. Put baby rhesus monkeys with 2 surrogate mothers. One wire and one cloth, wire produced milks cloth didn’t
2. Amount of time spent with each mother was recorded
3. Monkeys deliberately frightened with loud noise to test mother preference during stress
4. Long-term effects recorded e.g., behaviour in adulthood (sociability and relationship with offspring)

Question 7

What were Harlow’s findings?

Answer 7

1. Monkeys spent most of their time on the cloth mother even though she didn’t give milk because it provided contact comfort. Monkeys stretched across to wire mother to feed while clinging to cloth mother
2. When rightened the monkeys clung to the cloth mother
3. As adults, monkeys were abusive to their offspring, even killing them in some cases. The monkeys were more aggressive and less sociable

Question 8

What was Harlow’s conclusion?

Answer 8

Contact comfort is of more importance to monkey than food when it comes to attachment

Question 9

What are the positive evaluation points of Harlow’s study?

Answer 9

Profound effects on psychologist’s understanding of mother-infant attachment. He showed attachment doesn’t develop as the result of being fed as learning theory suggests but as a result of contact comfort. Harlow showed importance of quality of early relationships for later social development.

Practical applications: helped social workers understand risk factors in child neglect and abuse to intervene and prevent it

Question 10

What are the negative evaluation points of Harlow’s research?

Answer 10

Ethical issues: monkeys suffered greatly, deliberately stressed and frightened. Rhesus monkeys closely related to humans suggesting these animals suffered more than geese. Unethical practices undermined credibility of psych as a science.
However: sufficiently important to justify negative effects

Not all extraneous variables controlled, faces of cloth and wire mother were different, cloth had more resemblance of monkey. Factors other than whether the mother provided food or contact may have influenced attachment formed. Validity effected, cause and effect can’t be established between contact comfort and attachment.

Question 11

What is the process of classical conditioning?

Answer 11

Before conditioning:
Food (UCS) –> Happy baby (UCR)

During conditioning:
Mother (NS) + Food (UCS) –> Happy baby (UCR)

After conditioning:
Mother (CS) –> Happy baby (CR)

Question 11

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 11

Infant learns to associated primary caregiver with food

Question 12

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 12

Reinforcement produces attachment. Crying leads to response from caregiver. If caregiver provides pleasant response crying is positively reinforced so will be repeated

Caregiver receives negative reinforcement because crying stops

Question 13

What is the positive evaluation point for learning theory (classical and operant)?

Answer 13

Provides valuable insight into how infants become attached and the key role food plays. Practical applications: providing advice that if feeding is important in attachment then anyone who wants to create attachment should be involved where possible (father). Helps to increase attachment between babies and caregivers

Question 14

What are the negative evaluation points for learning theory (classical and operant)?

Answer 14

Many form attachments with people who DON’T feed them. Schaffer and Emerson found in 39% of cases primary attachment figure was not who fed them. Many infants attach to parents who abuse them so food isn’t the key factor weakening validity of the explanation

Harlow found that monkeys formed attachment with cloth mother (contact comfort) rather than wire who provided food suggesting attachment isn’t due to regular feeding contradicting the research

Bowlby’s monotropic theory is a more complete explanation as it looks at attachment as an evolutionary mechanism for survival processes

Question 15

What is the monotropic bond?

Answer 15

Attachment to one specific caregiver, usually the biological mother, monotropic bond is more important than any other attachments that the child may form

Question 16

What is the internal working model?

Answer 16

Monotropic bond acts as. a template for all later relationships (internal working model) and has powerful effect on nature of a child’s future relationships. IWM affects child’s later ability to be a parent themselves, appears to be passed on through families. E.g., if a child is insecurely attached to parents, likely to have similar attachment to their own children

Question 17

What is the critical period?

Answer 17

Bowlby said the first 2 years of life are the critical period for attachment to develop, if it doesn’t develop, it might seriously damage a child’s social and emotional development

Question 18

What are the evolutionary principles?

Answer 18

His explanation of attachment is based on evolutionary principles and argues that humans have evolved a biological need to attach to a caregiver to increase their survival chances. Infants show innate behaviours like smiling and crying which make attachment possible. These are social releasers because they bring out caregiving behaviours from adults

Question 19

What are the positive evaluation points for Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

Answer 19

Idea of internal working model is supported by evidence. Bailey et al assessed attachment of 99 mothers to their babies and their own mothers. Found the majority had the same attachment classifciation both to their babies and own mothers. Supports Bowlby’s view that an IWM is passed through families

Question 20

What are the negative evaluation points of Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

Answer 20

It is a sensitive rather than critical period where attachments are most likely to be developed but argue that they could be formed at other times. Research has demonstrated even children raised in isolation can go on to form attachments with caregivers after the critical period

Monotropic bond not supported by research. Schaffer and Emerson found that by 10 months of age, most babies formed multiple attachments. May be that the primary attachment is just stronger not of greater importance

Question 21

What is reciprocity?

Answer 21

Interactions involve both parties producing responses from each other. take turns. E.g., infant cries and caregiver responds by feeding baby, baby babbles and caregiver talks back.

Question 22

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 22

Takes place when the mother and interact in a way that their actions and emotions mirror each other
Isabella observed 30 mothers and infants and found high levels of interactional synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant interaction

Question 23

What is the positive evaluation point for caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 23

EEvans and Porter studied reciprocity, synchrony and attachment quality in 101 infants and mothers for the first year after birth. Mothers and babies invited into the lab on 3 occasions. At 12 months, the quality of mother-infant attachment assessed. Babies judged to be securely attached tended to be those that had the most reciprocal interactions and most synchrony. Suggests caregiver-infant interactions play a vital part in forming attachments

Meltzoff and Moore found infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults’ facial expressions and hand movements. This mimicking of behaviour has been observed in babies as young as 3 days old suggesting caregiver interactions are an innate ability used to aid in the formation of attachment

Question 24

What is the negative evaluation point of caregiver-infant interactions?

Answer 24

E-Le Vine et al reported Kenyan mothers have little interaction or physical contact with their infants, but a high proportion of secure attachments. The majority of the research into this area may be criticised for being ethnocentric and ignoring how attachments may be formed within other cultures weakening support for the idea that caregiver interactions are necessary for attachment formation

Question 25

What did Schaffer and Emerson study?

Answer 25

Stages of attachment. Proposed attachments develop over 4 stages

Question 26

What was Schaffer and Emerson's procedure?

Answer 26

1. 60 babies from skilled WC Glasgow homes studied 2. Babies were visited at home every month for the first year and again at 18 months 3. Mothers were questioned about how the child behaved when they were separated (separation anxiety) and how they behaved with unfamiliar adults (stranger anxiety)

Question 27

What were Schaffer and Emerson's findings?

Answer 27

1. Between 25032 weeks of age about 50% of the babies showed signs of separation anxiety towards a particular adult, usually the mother (specific attachment) 2. By 40 weeks 80% of the babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments

Question 28

What were Schaffer and Emerson's 4 stages of attachment?

Answer 28

Asocial, Indiscriminate, Specific and Multiple

Question 29

What is stage 1 of attachment formation?

Answer 29

Asocial

Question 30

What is stage 2 of attachment formation?

Answer 30

Indiscriminate

Question 31

What is stage 3 of attachment formation?

Answer 31

Specific

Question 32

What is stage 4 of attachment formation?

Answer 32

Multiple

Question 33

What happens in the Asocial phase of attachment formation?

Answer 33

Birth - 3 months Infants become attracted to other humans from 6 weeks old. They smile more at faces than objects

Question 34

What happens in the Indiscriminate stage of attachment formation?

Answer 34

3 - 7 months Infants begin to recognise and prefer familiar faces; however will accept comfort from any adult. Attachment is said to be indiscriminate because all adults are treated the same

Question 35

What happens in the Specific stage of attachment formation?

Answer 35

7 - 8 months Infants begin to develop anxiety from strangers and become distressed if separated from one specific adult (in 65% of cases the mother) - primary attachment figure

Question 36

What happens in the Multiple stage of attachment formation?

Answer 36

9 months + Form multiple attachments with other people who they spend a lot of time with these are secondary attachments

Question 37

What are the negative evaluation points of the stages of attachment?

Answer 37

Evidence from cross cultural research to show babies are capable of developing multiple attachments from birth not 9m+. This is more likely to happen in collectivist cultures therefore there is no agreement within psychology about when multiple attachments are formed Very difficult to measure the behaviour of young children especially in asocial stage as babies aren't very mobile so there is little behaviour to observe. A baby may be crying for a different reason which creates problems because it is difficult to determine from observation alone whether behaviour shown is due to the attachment figure or some other reasons.

Question 38

What are the positive evaluation points of the stages of attachment?

Answer 38

Schaffer and Emerson's study was carried out in the families' own homes and most of the observations were done by parents during ordinary activities and reported to researchers later meaning that the behaviour of the babies was unlikely to be affected by the presence of observers. Big chance of natural behaviour while being observed increasing external validity

Question 39

What did Bowlby think about the role of the father?

Answer 39

Children have one specific bond and this is usually the mother.

Question 40

What was Karen Grossman's study?

Answer 40

Carried out a longitudinal study and found that quality of adolescent attachment to the father is related to father's play with infants. This suggest fathers have a different role in attachment - one that is more to do with play and stimulation and less with nurturing

Question 41

What was Field's study into fathers as primary caregivers?

Answer 41

filmed 4-month old babies in face-to-face interactions with their fathers. She found a difference in the interactions when the father was the primary rather than secondary caregiver; they spent more time smiling, imitating and holding their babies than the secondary caregivers. Seems fathers can be more nurturing attachment figure and key to attachment is the level of responsiveness not the gender

Question 42

What are the negative evaluation points of the role of the father?

Answer 42

Many studies have found that children growing up without a father don't develop any differently than those who grow up with a mother and father suggesting that fathers don't have a significant impact on children's development Evolutionary psychologist argue that females rather than males are biologically pre-disposed to be more nurturing. Oestrogen leads to the caring behaviours seen more in females than males. This study supports the view that women are biologically predisposed to be the primary caregiver and that men have a lesser role to play in children's lives

Question 43

What are the positive evaluation points for the role of the father?

Answer 43

Fathers are important not just for children but mothers too. Supportive fathers provide mothers with much needed time away from childcare. This can help reduce stress in mothers, improve self-esteem and ultimately, improve the mother's relationship with her children

Question 44

What was the aim of Ainsworth's strange situation?

Answer 44

To study attachment behaviours

Question 45

What was Ainsworth's strange situation behaviour?

Answer 45

Took place in an unfamiliar room with 1-way glass so covertly. Infants were between 12-18 months and 100 middle-class American families 1. Proximity seeking: an infant with a secure attachment will stay fairly close to the caregiver 2. Exploration: a secure attachment enables a child to feel confident to explore the room using caregiver as secure base 3. Separation anxiety: does the child protest when separated from caregiver? 4. Stranger anxiety: if the attachment is secure, you would expect the child to display anxiety when approached by a stranger 5. Reunion response: this measures how the child reacts when finally reunited with caregiver

Question 46

What are the seven episodes of the strange situation?

Answer 46

1. Child encouraged to explore 2. Stranger comes in and tries to interact with child 3. Caregiver leaves the child and stranger together 4. Caregiver returns and stranger leaves 5. Caregiver leaves and child alone 6. Stranger returns 7. Caregiver returns and is reunited with child

Question 47

What happens in episode 1 of strange situation?

Answer 47

Child encouraged to explore Child tests exploration and secure base

Question 48

What happens in episode 2 of strange situation?

Answer 48

Stranger comes in and tries to interact with child Tests stranger anxiety

Question 49

What happens in episode 3 of strange situation?

Answer 49

Caregiver leaves child and stranger together Tests separation and stranger anxiety

Question 50

What happens in episode 4 of strange situation?

Answer 50

Caregiver returns and stranger leaves Tests reunion behaviour and exploration/secure base

Question 51

What happens in episode 5 of strange situation?

Answer 51

Caregiver leaves child alone Tests separation anxiety

Question 52

What happens in episode 6 of strange situation?

Answer 52

Stranger returns Tests stranger anxiety

Question 53

What happens in episode 7 of strange situation?

Answer 53

Caregiver returns and is reunited with child Tests reunion behaviour

Question 54

What were the findings of the strange situation?

Answer 54

Identified 3 types of attachment A - Insecure avoidant B - Secure C - Insecure resistant

Question 55

What is behaviour like in Type A Insecure Avoidant?

Answer 55

20-25% of infants Exploration (mother present) - The child does not seek contact from the mother. Separation anxiety - The child seems unconcerned when the mother leaves Stranger anxiety - The child shows few signs of distress and ignored the or avoided stranger Reunion behaviour - Child ignores the mother on her return.

Question 56

What is behaviour like in Type B Secure?

Answer 56

60-75% of infants Exploration (mother present) - Mother is seen as a safe base from which the child can explore Separation anxiety - The child cries shortly after the mother leaves Stranger anxiety - The child is wary of the stranger and maintains closeness to its mother Reunion behaviour - Child seeks contact when mother returns and is easy to comfort

Question 57

What is behaviour like in Type C Insecure Resistant?

Answer 57

Less than 10% of infants Exploration (mother present) - The child is wary of their mother and don’t explore environment Separation anxiety - The child show intense distress when mother has left Stranger anxiety - The child is extremely distressed when left with the stranger Reunion behaviour - Child is ambivalent (seeking and rejecting mother e.g., crying for mother then pushing them away)

Question 58

What are the positive evaluation points of Ainsworth's strange situation?

Answer 58

Is a reliable measure of attachment - takes place under controlled conditions and behavioural categories are easy to observe. Bick looked at inter-rater reliability in a team of trained Strange Situation observers and found agreement on attachment type of 94% of tested babies. This means we can be confident that the attachment type of an infant identified in the Strange Situation doesn't just depend on who is observing them

Question 59

What are the negative evaluation points of Ainsworth's strange situation?

Answer 59

Lacks ecological validity because of the unrealistic situation for both caregiver and infant. Attachment types may be stronger here than in the child's own home e.g., may cry less in familiar environment. This reduces the ecological validity and limits its applicability Based on American attachment behaviours and ignores how child rearing practices in other cultures may affect behaviour in the strange situation. Japanese infants are rarely separated from their parents so a child could be wrongly classified as insecure resistant reducing external validity and limiting applicability

Question 60

What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg study?

Answer 60

Proportions of secure and insecure attachments across a range of countries

Question 61

What was Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's procedure?

Answer 61

1. Results from 32 studies on attachment that had used the Strange Situation were examined (18 were from USA) 2. These studies were conducted in 8 countries with a total sample size of 1,990 infants 3. Data for these studies were meta-analysed

Question 62

What were Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's key findings?

Answer 62

Secure attachment: most common varied from 75% in Britain to 50% in China Insecure avoidant: Most common in Germany and least in Japan Insecure resistant: least common type ranged from 3% in UK to 29% in Israel Variations between results of studies within same country were 150% greater than those between countries. In USA one study found only 46% securely attached compared to one sample which was 90%

Question 63

Who also conducted a study to see proportions of babies of different attachment types?

Answer 63

Simonella et al

Question 64

What was Simonella et al's procedure?

Answer 64

Assessed 76 12-month olds using the Strange Situation in Italy

Question 65

What were Simonella et al's findings?

Answer 65

50% - Secure 36% - Insecure avoidant This is a lower rate of secure attachment suggested this is because increasing number of others work long hours and use professional healthcare

Question 66

What was Simonella et al's conclusion?

Answer 66

Secure attachment seems to be the norm in a wide range of cultures. However research shows that cultural practices have an influence on attachment type

Question 67

What are the positive evaluation points of cultural variations of attachment?

Answer 67

Van Ijzendoorn's mate-analysis used a large sample, nearly 2000 mothers and babies. This reduces the impact of poor methodology therefore will be able to be generalised to large population

Question 68

What are the negative evaluation points of cultural variations of attachment?

Answer 68

Van Ijzendoorn: limited number of studies in some countries e.g., 1 study in China, 18 in USA so cannot generalise from a limited sample to entire country Culturally biased: Strange situation designed by American researcher (Ainsworth) and is based on British theory (Bowlby) and has been used to judge infants worldwide. Example of imposed etic. In S.S lack of separation anxiety indicates insecure avoidant but in Germany independent behaviour is encouraged so lack of separation anxiety isn't a sign of insecurity so cross cultural comparisons using the strange situation may lack validity

Question 69

What are the economic implications of the role of the father?

Answer 69

Increasingly, fathers remain at home so contribute less to the economy consequently more mothers may return to work and contribute to the economy

Question 70

What is Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?

Answer 70

Caused by prolonged separation from attachment figure. Deprivation during critical period (first 3 years) is harmful resulting in irreversible long term negative consequences.

Question 71

What are the negative consequences of maternal deprivation?

Answer 71

Effects on intellectual development and effects on emotional development

Question 72

What are the effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual development?

Answer 72

Cognitive delays and low IQ. Goldfarb found maternally deprived children in orphanages had lower IQ than those who were fostered

Question 73

What are the effects of maternal deprivation on emotional development?

Answer 73

Affectionless psychopathy - Bowlby suggested these children would develop an inability to show affection or concern for others, acting on impulse with little regard for the consequence of their actions

Question 74

What was the aim of Bowlby's 44 thieves theory?

Answer 74

This study examined the links between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation

Question 75

What was Bowlby's 44 thieves procedure?

Answer 75

44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing - sample. They were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy. Families also interviewed in order to establish whether the thieves had suffered prolonged early separation from their mothers. Control group of 44 non-criminal but emotionally disturbed teens was set up to see how often maternal deprivation occurred in children who weren't delinquent.

Question 76

What were the results of Bowlby's 44 thieves study?

Answer 76

Thieves: 14/44 affectionless psychopaths. Of this 14, 12 had experienced prolonged separation in first 2 years of life Control group: 2/44 suffered maternal separation but 0/44 were affectionless psychopaths

Question 77

What was the conclusion from Bowlby's 44 thieves study?

Answer 77

Prolonged separation/deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy

Question 78

What were the positive evaluation points of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?

Answer 78

Supporting evidence from Harlow. The monkeys suffered maternal deprivation and as adults were abusive to their offspring supporting the view that maternal deprivation has a detrimental effect on development

Question 79

What were the negative evaluation points of Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation?

Answer 79

Contradictory evidence: cross-cultural research from Kagan who studied Guatemalan Indians and found although children experienced deprivation due to being kept in windowless huts with little contact with their primary caregiver and didn't experience any social and intellectual impairment showing that maternal deprivation doesn't produce irreversible negative consequences Lewis replicated Bowlby's 44 thieves study with 500 young people and found that early deprivation didn't predict future criminality or difficulty with relationships. Sensitive rather than critical period. Koluchova did a case study on Czech twin boys isolated from 18 months by being locked in a cupboard. Later they were looked after by two loving adults and appeared to fully recover. This shows severe deprivation can have positive outcomes. Cases like this demonstrate that the period identified by Bowlby may be a sensitive but not critical period

Question 80

What was Rutter et al's aim?

Answer 80

To investigate if good care could make up for poor early experiences in an institution

Question 81

What was Rutter et al's procedure?

Answer 81

Followed a group of 165 Romanian orrhans adopted in Britain. Physical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at ages 4,6,11 and 15 years. A group of 52 British children adopted around the same served as the control group

Question 82

What were Rutter et al's findings?

Answer 82

When they first arrived in the UK, 1/2 the adoptees lagged behind their British counterparts on all 3 measures of development. At age 11, recovery depended on the child's age at adoption. 6 months - mean IQ 102 6 months - 2 years IQ86 After age 2 - IQ77

Question 83

What was seen in Romanian orphans adopted after 6 months?

Answer 83

They had impaired social skills and showed signs of disinhibited attachment. - This is when the child shows equal affection to strangers as they do people they know well

Question 84

What was the Bucharest Early Intervention Project?

Answer 84

Zeanah et all assessed 95 children aged 12-31 months who had spent 90% of their lives in Romanian orphanages. These children were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution. They used the strange situation to measure their attachment type and asked caregivers to describe any unusual behaviours.

Question 85

What were the findings in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project?

Answer 85

74% of the control group were identified as securely attached compared to 19% in institutionalised group and 65% were classed as having disorganised attachment and more likely to have a disinhibited attachment style.

Question 86

What are the positive evaluation points of the Romanian Orphan Studies?

Answer 86

Real life application - Orphanages and children's care homes no avoid having large numbers of caregivers and try to ensure that each child is assigned a key worker. This means that the children have the chance to develop normal attachments and helps avoid disinhibited attachment Romanian orphans allowed psychologists to have a unique opportunity to study the effects of institutionalisation. Due to it having less extraneous variables than pervious orphan studies which had used samples of children who were neglected or abused. It was therefore hard to identify which specific factors were affecting their emotional and intellectual development. In the case of the Romanian orphanages there weren't as many confounding variables so the research has higher internal validity

Question 87

What are the negative evaluation points of the Romanian Orphan Studies?

Answer 87

It is possible that conditions in the orphanages were so bad that the results cannot be applied to children in other types of institutional care. They had particularly poor standards of care and extremely low levels of intellectual stimulation. This is a limitation of the Romanian orphanage studies because the unusual situational variables that exist in these studies may prevent this research from being generalised to other groups of adopted children Long-term effects not known: it may be that the children who spent longer in institutions and currently lag behind or display attachment difficulties will eventually 'catch up' as adults. Equally, early-adopted children who appear to have no issues may experience emotional problems as adults suggesting that long term effects of early institutionalisation are unknown

Question 88

How does the internal working model influence adult relationships?

Answer 88

The monotropic bond acts as a template for all later relationships. (internal working model) has a powerful effect on the nature of a child's future relationships A child whose first experience is of a loving relationship with a reliable caregiver will assume that this is how relationships are meant to be and will thus seek out fulfilling relationships in the future

Question 89

How does insecure avoidant childhood attachment style effect adult behaviours?

Answer 89

I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others. I am nervous when anyone gets too close. Romantic partners want me to be more intimate

Question 90

How does securely attached childhood attachment style effect adult behaviours?

Answer 90

I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me

Question 91

How does insecure resistant childhood attachment style effect adult behaviours?

Answer 91

Others are reluctant to get close as I like. I want to merge completely with another person and this can scare them away. I worry my partner does not really love me

Question 92

What did Youngblade and Belsky investigate?

Answer 92

Attachment type and relationships in later childhood

Question 93

What did Youngblade and Belsky find?

Answer 93

Found that 3-5 year old securely attached children were more self-confident, got along better with other children and were more likely to form close friendships/

Question 94

What did Myron-Wilson and Smith look into?

Answer 94

Relationship between attachment type and bullying

Question 95

What did Myron-Wilson and Smith find?

Answer 95

Used questionnaires in 196 children aged 7-11 from London. Secure children were unlikely to be involved in bullying. Insecure avoidant children were more likely to be victims and insecure resistant children were more likely to be bullies

Question 96

What did Kerns find?

Answer 96

Securely attached babies tend to go on to form the best quality childhood friendships whereas insecurely attached babies later have friendship difficulties

Question 97

What did Hazen and Shaver investigate?

Answer 97

The relationships in adulthood with romantic partners

Question 98

What was Hazen and Shaver's aim?

Answer 98

Wanted to find out if the type of attachment that a person had infancy has an effect on the type of romantic relationships they would form in the future

Question 99

What was Hazen and Shaver's procedure?

Answer 99

Analysed 620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in an American local newspaper. It had 3 sections. Section 1: Assessment of their current or most significant relationship Section 2: Assessment of their love life e.g., number of partners Section 3: Assessment of their attachment type

Question 100

What were Hazen and Shaver's findings of secure attachment types?

Answer 100

56% - Secure Had happy, friendly and trusting relationships and are happy being close to others. Average length of relationship 10 years

Question 101

What were Hazen and Shaver's findings of avoidant attachment types?

Answer 101

25% - Avoidant Had jealousy and fear of intimacy, they are uncomfortable depending on or being close to others Average length of relationship 6 years

Question 102

What were Hazen and Shaver's findings of resistant attachment types?

Answer 102

19% - Resistant Were obsessive in romantic relationships, desire for intense closeness Average length of relationship 5 years

Question 103

What does research from Bailey show us about relationships in adulthood?

Answer 103

Assessed attachments of 99 mothers to their babies and their own mothers. Majority of women had the same attachment classification both to their babies and their own mothers. This supports the importance of early relationships in one's ability to parent successfully

Question 104

What are the negative evaluation points of theories about adult relationships?

Answer 104

Link decreases with age: insecurely attached children do not always become insecurely attached adults; the link tends to decrease with age. This seems to be because the average person will participate in several different relationships which may alter their internal working model. Most of the research is purely correlational which means there are no controls over extraneous variables so we cannot make conclusions from research alone Methodological issues: much of the research is from self-report studies which are retrospective so rely on the memory of the participant which can be unreliable and also social desirability bias lowering internal validity Free will vs Determinism: Must be other factors which contribute to formation of adult relationships. We have the cognitive ability to reflect on our past and recognise what unhealthy relationships look like so we can avoid these in the future