Research Methods - Paper 2 Flashcards

Question

What are experimental designs?

Answer 1

The way that participants are used in experiments

Answer 2

Repeated measures, matched pairs and independent groups

Answer 3

One group of participants take part in both conditions

Answer 4

Participant variables are minimised because the same participants take part in both conditions of the experiment so increases internal validity Half the number of participants is needed meaning the researcher can save time and money

Answer 5

Order effects may occur e.g., boredom and practice. Demand characteristics are also more likely to occur lowering the internal validity

Answer 6

By counterbalancing. ABBA technique. Counterbalancing doesn't remove or prevent order effects but attempts to balance them out

Answer 7

Different participants are used in each condition. Each participant only experiences one condition

Answer 8

There are no order effects because participants only take part in one condition reducing the possibility of boredom and demand characteristics

Answer 9

Participant variables can occur because there may be individual differences between the two groups of participants that could affect the results

Answer 10

By randomly allocating participants to conditions they will have an equal chance of being allocated to a particular condition minimising the effect of individual differences

Answer 11

Different participants used in each condition but they are paired on a variable that could affect the results if left unchecked e.g., age or intelligence. One partner from each pair would be randomly allocated to condition 1 and 2

Answer 12

Participant variables are minimised because participants are matched on important variables therefore individual differences between groups are unlikely increasing internal validity The design isn't affected by order effects as participants only take part in one condition increasing internal validity

Answer 13

It is time consuming because participants are often pre-tested to match them up. If one partner drops out, the researcher risks losing both members making it less economic than other designs

Answer 14

The researcher manipulates the IV to see what effect it has on the DV. They aim to establish cause and effect and take place in a controlled environment using standardised procedures

Answer 15

1. Due to the controlled setting, the experimenter cant control extraneous variables such as noise. Any change in the DV is likely to be caused by the IV increasing internal validity 2. Can be easily replicated. This is a strength because it allows researchers to see whether findings are consistently found so can make conclusions about reliability

Answer 16

1. Lack generalisability due to their controlled artificial setting. Participants may behave differently in real life. This means results cannot be confidently generalised to real life settings lowering ecological validity 2. Due to the artificial nature of the setting and participants being aware they're in a study, this may result in demand characteristics this lowers internal validity because participant behaviour may change meaning they are not measuring what they intended to

Answer 17

The researcher manipulates the IV to see what effect it has on the DV. They aim to establish cause and effect and are conducted in real life settings in a participants natural environment

Answer 18

1. It is reflective of natural behaviour because it takes place in a real-life setting. This is a strength because it mean that findings from field experiments can be confidently generalised so there is high ecological validity 2. There is less chance of demand characteristics as participants are usually unaware they're being studies increasing internal validity

Answer 19

1. Due to the high levels of realism, there is loss of control of extraneous variables. Cause and effect is more difficult to establish lowering internal validity 2. Precise replication is often impossible and often break ethical issues because participants cannot consent

Answer 20

The study of a naturally occurring event as it unfolds in the real world. The IV is changed by natural occurrence rather than through experimenter manipulation. This type of experiment is often used when it is not ethically or practically possible to manipulate the IV

Answer 21

Rutter and the Romanian oprhans

Answer 22

1. Allows situations and behaviours to be studied where it may not have been practically or ethically possible e.g., Romanian orphans 2. As research usually takes place in participant's natural environment then they should be behaving as they would in real life meaning findings can be generalised and have high ecological validity

Answer 23

1. Unable to randomly allocated participants to the conditions meaning the experimenter is less sure whether the IV affected the DV 2. The researcher wouldn't be able to replicate a natural experiment since they would not be able to find the exact same conditions naturally occurring so isn't possible to check reliability

Answer 24

These experiments have an IV based on an already existing difference between people e.g., gender, height, educational level.

Answer 25

Sheridan and King's study on obedience. Here male and female participants were compared on their ability to deliver real electric shocks to a puppy

Answer 26

1. Can be used when there are practical or ethical reasons why participants cannot put into randomised conditions allowing researchers to gain valuable insights into behaviours that may not be possible to study otherwise 2. High control because the experiment is carried out in controlled conditions so is possible to draw casual conclusions

Answer 27

1. Not possible to randomly allocate participants to conditions because the IV already exists. Possible for participant variables to influence DV lowering internal validity 2. Usually take place in controlled settings so participants are more likely to be influenced by demand characteristics lowering internal validity because they aren't measuring what they intended to

Answer 28

A group of people the researcher is interest in, from which a smaller sample is drawn

Answer 29

A subset of the general population

Answer 30

A group of people who take part in a research investigation

Answer 31

The specific method used to select people from the target population

Answer 32

When certain groups are over or under represented within the sample e.g, Asch and his all male sample

Answer 33

Applying the results from the sample to the target population

Answer 34

Random, opportunity, volunteer, stratified and systematic

Answer 35

Where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected e.g., names in a hat

Answer 36

This involves selecting people who are willing and available to take part at the time of the research

Answer 37

People put themselves forward to participate often responding to newspaper adverts placed by researchers

Answer 38

Every nth member of the target population is selected

Answer 39

This involves the researcher dividing the population into subpopulations. Researchers then ensure each subgroup is represented in their sample

Answer 40

It is unbiased because the researcher has no influence meaning the sample will be free from researcher bias. Everyone has equal opportunity of being selected increasing representativeness

Answer 41

It may be impossible to obtain the names of everyone in the target population. Also not everyone selected will be willing to take part

Answer 42

Quick and convenient because researcher just makes use of people who are available at the time

Answer 43

Very unrepresentative and may be biased on the part of the researcher who may chose 'helpful' participants

Answer 44

Participants are motivated and eager to take part and will take the study more seriously

Answer 45

Likely to be biased sample because participants who volunteer often share certain characteristics e.g., helpful. Therefore may be problems when generalising from biased sample

Answer 46

Avoids researcher bias. Once the system for selection has been established the researcher has no influence over who is chosen

Answer 47

It can be time consuming and not everyone in the target population has na equal chance of being selected

Answer 48

This technique is representative of the target population since the characteristics of the target population are represented proportionally. This means that it is more likely that the findings from this sample can be generalised

Answer 49

Can be very time consuming since the subcategories have to be identified and their proportions in the target populations calculated

Answer 50

Deception, informed consent, debrief, confidentiality, right to withdraw, anonymity and protection from harm

Answer 51

The psychologist deliberately misleads or withholds information at any stage during the experiment from the participants

Answer 52

The psychologist is making the participant aware of aims of the research, the procedures, their rights and how their data will be used

Answer 53

After the research has taken place, participants will be debriefed. A debrief is where they are told the aim, what happened and specifically to them. They are also told what will happen to their data

Answer 54

Our right, enshrined in law under the Data Protection Act, to have any personal data protected. Privacy is the right to control information about yourself

Answer 55

The participant is given the option to remove information/data or themselves from the study at any point

Answer 56

Things such as names, location and any data isn't known to anyone. The participants identify should be unknown and data if they require it

Answer 57

There are measures to make sure participants aren't placed at anymore psychological or physical harm/risk than in daily life

Answer 58

Participants should be given a consent form detailing all relevant information that might affect their decision to participate

Answer 59

A similar group of people are asked if they think the study is acceptable. If they agree, consent is presumed for the original participant

Answer 60

Consenting to a number of different studies including one that will involve deception. Basically consenting to be deceived

Answer 61

Consent asked having already taken part in the study. May not be aware of participation and may be subject to deception

Answer 62

Participants should be given a full debrief which should contain the true aims of the investigation, right for participants to withdraw their data, reassurance that the participants behaviour was typical, if participants were stressed or embarrassed they may require counselling

Answer 63

If personal details are held, these must be protected/ However, it is more usual to simplify record no personal details. Researchers usually refer to participants using numbers or initials when writing up the investigation

Answer 64

The cost-benefit analysis is a safeguard that should precede all research. It involves weighing up whether the ends justify the means. However this is subjective as it is difficult to predict outcomes and potential costs to participants

Answer 65

This is a trial ru of the research study, but on a smaller scale. This takes place before the real research study is carried out. The sample of people taking part in the pilot study will be questioned afterwards about their experience

Answer 66

It aims to find out if aspects of the design do or don't work. By conducting a pilot study on a small group of people, it is possible for the researcher t see what needs to be adjusted before investigating time and money in the larger scale study

Answer 67

A detailed study of an individual, group or situation. They often involve an analysis of unusual individuals or events e.g., a rare disorder. They tend to take place over a long period of time (longitudinal)

Answer 68

1. Provide rich and valuable insights on very unusual and atypical forms of behaviour. This allows a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with many research participants. Findings are based on real life problems and issues increasing ecological validity 2. Case studies provide a great detail of qualitative data that often generates ideas for future research

Answer 69

1. It is not possible to generalise the findings from a single individual to the wider population. This is because it means the findings are only representative of the person who the study is focused, lacking population validity 2. Case studies are criticised due to their subjective nature. A researcher must decide which info to include. in the final report and must interpret the vast quantities of qualitative data. Personal accounts from the participant and their family and friends may be prone to inaccuracy and memory decay lowering the validity

Answer 70

Involve watching or listening to behaviour and making records. They are non-experimental research methods

Answer 71

Behaviour is studied in a real-life situation where everything has been left as it normally is

Answer 72

High ecological validity and low demand characteristics

Answer 73

There is a lack of control over extraneous variables, such as background noise. This would mean that the validity of the findings may be low. Replication is more difficult in a natural setting

Answer 74

Participants are observed in a controlled setting. Participants are usually aware that they are being observed

Answer 75

Can be easily replicated due to the greater control over the research situation. This means that findings can be checked by replicating the study and seeing if consistent results are found

Answer 76

Lower ecological validity, high demand characteristics

Answer 77

Participants are unaware they are being observed and their behaviour is being recorded secretly

Answer 78

Demand characteristics are reduced because participants don't know they are being watched so their behaviour will be natural increasing the validity of the findings

Answer 79

Participants can't consent so can't withdraw

Answer 80

Participants are aware they are being studied and have consented

Answer 81

Informed consent and are more ethical

Answer 82

Demand characteristics may be high because participants know they are being observed and may act differently as a result. If this occurs, then the validity of findings is questioned

Answer 83

Involve the researcher becoming part of the group they are studying

Answer 84

First hand data. Better understanding of what participants feel

Answer 85

There may be a loss of objectivity because the observer becomes part of the group they are observing and they may identity too strongly with them. If there is a lack of objectivity, then the validity will be affected

Answer 86

When the researcher remains separate from the group they are studying

Answer 87

The findings may be more objective because the researcher maintains an objective distance so there is less chance of bias so findings are more valid

Answer 88

More objective, may misinterpret events

Answer 89

Researchers often find it useful to break the target behaviour into a set of behaviour categories.

Answer 90

Event and time

Answer 91

Involves counting the number of times a particular behaviour occurs. All other behaviours are ignored and not recorded

Answer 92

Involves recording behaviours within a pre-established time frame. Behaviours observed in between the time sampling frames would be ignored and not recorded

Answer 93

Ensures relevant behaviours are missed

Answer 94

Observer may miss behaviour if only recording one behaviour continuous behaviour. Too complex - too many behaviours

Answer 95

Less observations to be made

Answer 96

The behaviours sampled may be unrepresentative. This is because relevant behaviours displayed outside the time frame are missed

Answer 97

To make data recording more objective and unbiased, observations should be carried out by at least two researchers. It is vital, however that pairs of observers record data in the same way. To improve reliability, observers should familiarise themselves with the behaviour categories being used. After observing the same behaviour at the same time, observers should compare and discuss and differences in interpretation.

Answer 98

Technique involved using a structured set of written questions, for asking a large sample of people about their views, attitudes, and behaviours. Consist of open and closed questions

Answer 99

Fixed response questions. Yes or No. Produce quantitative data

Answer 100

Allow participants to answer in any way they wish and to express opinions and feelings. Produce qualitative, detailed data

Answer 101

Cost effective because: 1. They gather large amounts of data because they can be distributed to a large number of people 2. A questionnaire can be completed without the researcher being present, as in the case of postal questionnaire Can be easily replicated because they use structured questions which can be easily be redistributed to participants to determine whether similar findings are obtained so can make conclusions about reliability

Answer 102

1. Participants may misinterpret questions and just guess at what a question means. Often produce a response bias which is where participants give the same answer to all questions lowering validity 2. Participants may not answer truthfully because they want to be portrayed in a positive light. This is especially problematic with sensitive issues. When they fail to answer truthfully this is social desirability bias

Answer 103

Face-to-face interaction between an interviewer and an interviewee.

Answer 104

Involve a standard set of written questions being read out to each participant in the same manner and in the same order. Little training required

Answer 105

More like a formal discussion about a topic. The interviewer will encourage the interviewee to expand on their answers by asking follow-up questions. Unstructured interviewers need to be skilled in conducting these types of interviews

Answer 106

These should be avoided because they guide the respondent towards a particular answer

Answer 107

These questions are confusing because they contain two questions in one. In such cases respondents may agree with one half of the question but not the other

Answer 108

a non-experimental research method that measures relationship between two variables. It is then plotted on a scattergram. No changing of a variable so isn't possible to establish causation

Answer 109

Replace the word 'difference' with 'relationship' or 'correlation' e.g., There will be a significant relationship between 'co-variables'

Answer 110

Replace would 'more/less' with 'positive/negative'. There will be a positive relationship between 'co-variables'

Answer 111

Positive, negative, zero

Answer 112

As one variable increases, so does the other

Answer 113

As one variable increases, the other decreases

Answer 114

There is no relationship between the two co-variables

Answer 115

A number between 0 and -1 or +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationships. It is calculated using a statistical test. The stronger the relationship between the co-variables, the close to 1. The closer to 0, the weaker the relationship. +/- only indicates the direction of the relationship, not the strength

Answer 116

1. As a correlational analysis doesn't involve the manipulation of variables, it allows for some topic areas to be investigated which may not have been possible through experimental methods due to practical and ethical reasons 2. Correlations are very useful as a preliminary research technique, allowing researchers to identify a link that can be further investigate through more controlled research

Answer 117

1. It is not possible to establish cause and effect. This means this it is only possible to establish if a relationship exists. It isn't possible to conclude that one variable caused the co-variable to increase or decrease. This is because a third variable may be responsible for increasing a co-variable. This is a limitation because it isn't possible to draw firm conclusions from correlational research 2. Correlations can be misused or misinterpreted.

Answer 118

Easy to analyse as it is statistically objective

Answer 119

Lack of detail - reductionist

Answer 120

Includes description - more detailed --> more understanding

Answer 121

-Time consuming -Difficult to analyse/compare - subject to bias as it is open to interpretation

Answer 122

Data collected by a researcher specifically for the purposes of their study. The data comes first hand from the participants. Data gathered using an experiment, questionnaire, interview, or observation would be classed as primary data

Answer 123

Authentic data obtained from participants --> questionnaires and interviews can be designed to specifically target information that the researcher requires

Answer 124

Requires considerable planning, preparation, and resources on behalf of the researcher

Answer 125

Data which has been collected by someone other than the person conducting the research. Data may be located in journal articles, books are websites. Statistical info by gov. - census, population records or employee absence

Answer 126

Inexpensive requiring minimal effort and easy to access. Desired info may already exist so no need of primary data collection

Answer 127

Substantial variation in quality and accuracy --> may be outdated on incomplete. Content of data may not match researchers need. May challenge validity of conclusions

Answer 128

A research method that uses secondary data. Data from lots of studies is combined to provide an overall view on a subject.

Answer 129

Results can be generalised across much larger populations increasing validity. Larger more varied sample to be generalised across larger populations

Answer 130

Prone to publication bias. Researcher may not select all relevant study choosing to leave out ones with negative non significant results --> only represent some of the relevant data

Answer 131

Mean, median and mode

Answer 132

The arithmetic average. All cores in a data set are added together then divided by the number of scores. The mean is often used to show which group or condition has performed best or worst in a study (use for interval/ratio data)

Answer 133

Middle value when the scores are put in order from smallest to highest. When two scores are in the middle, they are added together and divided by two (use for ordinal data)

Answer 134

The most frequently occurring score in the data set. When there are two or more equally common scores then there will be two or more modes (use for nominal data)

Answer 135

Range and standard deviation

Answer 136

The difference between the lowest and highest scores. The range provides a measure of the spread of scores within a data set. A large range indicates a large spread of data and vice versa

Answer 137

Measures the dispersion of scores around the mean. The higher the standard deviation, the greater the spread of scores from the mean (all ps responded differently). A low standard deviation number indicates that scores are close to the mean (all ps responded in similar way)

Answer 138

It is more sensitive than the media, because it is calculated using all the scores in the data set

Answer 139

It can be misrepresentative if there is an extreme score

Answer 140

It is not affected by extreme scores, so can give a representative score

Answer 141

It is less sensitive than the mean, as it odes not take into account all of the scores

Answer 142

It is very easy to calculate. Also it is the only method you can use when the data is in categories

Answer 143

It is a very crude measure

Answer 144

Quick and easy to calculate

Answer 145

Affected by extreme values (outliers). Doesn't take into account all values

Answer 146

Mire precise measure of dispersion because all values are taken into account

Answer 147

Much harder to calculate than the range

Answer 148

A descriptive statistic

Answer 149

part/whole x 100 = %

Answer 150

- All non-zero digits are significant - Any zeros between significant digits are significant - Trailing zeros to the right of a decimal point are significant

Answer 151

for presenting raw quantitative data before you have analysed it

Answer 152

Used for summarising data

Answer 153

When data is divided into categories

Answer 154

When depicting correlations

Answer 155

The bars touch, which shows that the data is continuous rather than discrete. The x-axis is made up of equal-sized intervals

Answer 156

Represent continuous data and use points connected by a line to show how something changes over time

Answer 157

Theory construction, hypothesis testing, objectivity, replicability, falsifiability and paradigm

Answer 158

We develop theories all the time to explain things we observe in our everyday life. Scientific theories are constructed by gathering evidence. It should be possible to make clear and precise predictions based on a scientific theory. It is essential that it can be scientifically tested

Answer 159

A hypothesis is a precise, testable, statement of the expected outcomes of the study. They are created from a theory and are tested using systematic and objective methods. If the evidence fails to support the hypothesis, the theory is modified, and a new one is formulated. The process of deriving new hypotheses from an existing theory is known as deduction

Answer 160

This means that the findings gathered are factual and unaffected by the researcher's beliefs, opinions, feelings, or expectations. A theory cannot claim to be scientific unless it has been empirically tested and verified. Empirical methods emphasise the importance of gaining data through direct, sensory experience

Answer 161

A scientific theory can only be trusted if the findings from it are repeatable across a number of different contexts and circumstances. Confidence in research findings is increased when studies are repeated, and findings are similar. For replication to be possible, all details of the original study must be published, including the data, procedures and results

Answer 162

This means that it should always be possible to prove a theory wrong. It must have a testable hypothesis. Popper says that rather than finding evidence to support a theory, scientists should actively try to find evidence to show that it is false. This is why Freud's theories are unscientific.

Answer 163

What distinguishes scientific disciplines from non-scientific disciplines is a shared set of assumption and methods (paradigm). Some psychologists argue psychology is a science because it has a paradigm, however some say psychology has too much internal disagreement and too many conflicting approaches to qualify as a science A handful of researchers begin to question the accepted paradigm, this critique begins to gather popularity and pace and eventually a paradigm shift occurs when there is too much contradictory evidence to ignore

Answer 164

The assessment of scientific work by others who are experts in the field, prior to publication

Answer 165

1. To allocate research funding: independent peer evaluation takes place to decide whether to award funding for a proposed research project 2. To validate the quality of and relevance of research: all elements of research are assessed for quality and accuracy: the formulation of hypothesis, the methodology chosen, the statistical tests used, and the conclusions drawn 3. To suggest amendments or improvements: reviewers may suggest minor revisions of the work and thereby improve the report or sometimes they may conclude that the work is inappropriate for publication and should be withdrawn

Answer 166

Published Validity Appropriateness Significance of contribution Originality

Answer 167

1. Acts as a control mechanism to help prevent flawed or fraudulent research from being published 2. It ensures that research published is academically rigorous and therefore can be trusted in comparison to opinion and speculation 3. It encourages the sharing of ideas between experts and collaboration in improvement of research 4. As the process is anonymous, it is likely to produce an honest appraisal

Answer 168

1. Reviewers may use their anonymity as a way of criticising rival researchers, especially if the findings contradict their own beliefs or research 2. It slows down the publication process, especially when research findings are new and ground breaking 3. As it is not always possible to find experts in a new area, it can result in such work being judged by researchers who do not fully understand research 4. Publication bias has a tendency for editors of journals to publish 'headline grabbing' findings to increase their credibility and sales. They also tend to publish positive results. This could mean that research which doesn't meet criteria is ignored

Answer 169

Should be clearly written and not include personal opinions. It is preferred to write in the third tense.

Answer 170

- Title - Abstract - Introduction - Method - Results - Discussion - References - Appendices

Answer 171

This should be precise enough to give the reader a good idea of the topic being investigated

Answer 172

This is a summary of the report. The abstract should include a summary of the theoretical background, the aim and hypotheses, the design method and participants, a brief outline of the results, the conclusions, and suggestions for future research. This appears first in a report but is left till the end to write

Answer 173

Explains why the research is being conducted. Covers the general theoretical background of the topic area being studied including controversies and investigations. Should begin with a broad perspective and then onto precise aims and hypothesis. Aims: the overall aim of the research needs to included. The researcher needs to explain the purpose of the research study/why the study is being carried out Hypothesis: The researcher should include a clearly operationalised experimental and null hypothesis

Answer 174

What the researcher has done. All details of the method should be reported so that other researchers would be able to replicate the study. It is split into: Design: This section should include the choice of method e.g., lab, the type of design and justification, identification of variables, IV, DV and extraneous, controls used e.g., double blind and ethical considerations Participants: A description of the sample including description of target population, the method used to obtain the sample e.g., random, description of the actual sample e.g., how many, how participants were allocated to conditions, whether participants were aware of the aims of study and whether any participants refused to take part Apparatus/materials: description of any technical equipment used and how Standardised procedure: how the research was conducted and should allow for exact replication. It should include what happened in the order that it happened, details of where the study took place, any standardised instructions, and debriefing procedures

Answer 175

What has happened and presents data collected Descriptive stats: measures of central tendency and dispersion in a clearly labelled table. Summarised in graphical form Inferential stats: State why you chose a particular test and what it tests for. Should explain clear outcome of statistical analysis. Observed and critical table values of the test, significance level and whether the test is one-tailed or two. Or if you will accept or reject their null hypothesis

Answer 176

Explanation of findings: discussion about findings. Should explain whether findings support or contradict their hypothesis and what findings mean in line with existing research. Most important findings and previous findings Relationship to background research: Discuss their results in reference to previous research findings. Should refer back to relevant research studies mentioned in the introduction and mention any aspects of the design that could account for any differences in their findings and previous findings Limitations and modifications: Outline what was done, what was intended and how things could have been improved or modified. Researchers may include limitations of the research such as problems with sampling or lack of controls Implications and suggestions for further research: will make suggestions for further research arising directly out of their results for example specific suggestions for improving the research such as ideas for reducing confounding variables or further research that could eb conducted

Answer 177

The researcher may end with a paragraph the recaps the key findings and conclusions that can be drawn from the study

Answer 178

To enable others to research the references. Within the text the researcher should include only the authors' names and date of publication and then in the reference section the researcher should list full details of all references cited in the text Surname, Initial, Date, Title, Location, Publisher Should I Do This Like a Pro

Answer 179

Full instructions given to participants, raw data and calculations for statistical analysis, stimulus materials. The appendices should be numbered and referred to in the text and presented clearly

Answer 180

Should form a bell-shaped curve which is symmetrical. Most items are in the middle area of the curve and the mean, median and mode are in the same midpoint of the curve

Answer 181

1. Mean, median and mode are all at the exact same midpoint 2. The data is symmetrical 3. Consistent spread of scores either side of the midpoint. 68% lies within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% lies within 2 standard deviations of the mean and 99.7% within 3. This is the empirical rule

Answer 182

When data isn’t symmetrically spread around the mean. They mean to one side and are caused by outliers

Answer 183

Where most of the scores are distributed the left of the graph. E.g., a very difficult test in which most people got low marks with only a handful at the higher end would produce a positive slew. Long tail is in the right side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated on the left

Answer 184

A very easy test would produce a distribution where most scores are concentrated to the right. The king tail is in the left side of the peak and most of the distribution is concentrated in the right

Answer 185

A non-experimental research method that measures relationship between two variables. Data is plotted on a scatter gram

Answer 186

A measure of consistency

Answer 187

Test retest and inter-observer reliability

Answer 188

Participants are given a test to complete and are then given the same task in a later occasion. The participants responses are then correlated to identify if they have given similar responses in both occasions. If a correlation of 0.8 is established between tasks it is considered a reliable measure

Answer 189

If the correlation between the two tests is lower than 0.8 the researcher would need to review the measures and then carry out another test-retest in the new test

Research Methods - Paper 2 Flashcards

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