attatchment (addition to quizes)

Question 1

define attachment

Answer 1

a close two way emotion bond between two people where they both see the other as important for their emotional security

Question 2

3 behaviors involved in attachment

Answer 2

proximity seeking - always wanting to be close to the other person
separation distress - distressed when attachment figure leaves their presence
secure base behavior - need regular contact with them - a child will return to caregiver at regular intervals (even if securely attached)

Question 3

define reciprocity

Answer 3

A description of how two people interact. Mother and infant interactions is reciprocal as both respond to each others signals and elicits a response from the other

Question 4

define interaction synchrony

Answer 4

mother and infant reflect both actions and emotions of the other and do this synchronized

Question 5

3 evaluative points of observing infant caregiver interactions

Answer 5

hard to know what’s happening - cant be sure whether the infants behavior is conscious or deliberate
controlled observations - often filmed from multiple angles to capture small details, good validity - infants behavior doesn’t change
don’t tell purpose - cant tell the purpose of these interactions however some evidence that its important in development of mother infant attach + development ( moral ect..

Question 6

Summarize the method used by Shaffer and Emmerson

Answer 6

Used 60 babies from working class families in Glasgow and interviewed the mother kinds of protests shown in everyday situations where they leave them at both 1 year and 18 months

Question 7

3 evaluation points about Shaffer and Emmerson’s study

Answer 7

good external validity - carried out in their own homes and most observations done by the parent themselves
longitudinal design - good internal validity as no confounding variables as same children followed up on
limited sample - all families same social status and same area all 50 years ago - don’t generalize to other social and historical contexts

Question 8

Name the 4 stages of attachment in Shaffer’s theory

Answer 8

asocial - first few weeks behavior is same towards humans and inanimate objects
indiscriminate - 2-7 months prefer humans to inanimate objects but behavior is same towards everyone
specific - around 7 months show anxiety towards strangers have one specific primary attachment figure (65% biological mother)
multiple - by 12 months able to form secondary attachments with people they spend a lot of time with

Question 9

another name for learning theories approach to explaining attachment

Answer 9

cupboard love- emphasizes importance of caregiver as a provider for food

Question 10

describe how classical conditioning is used to develop an attachment

Answer 10

We learn to associate a caregiver with them providing food.
food= ucs to conditioned stimulus
pleasure = ucr
caregiver = neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus
after conditioning, when the baby sees the caregiver they immediately expect food so get the conditioned response of pleasure - this is considered love to a learning theorist

Question 11

describe how operant conditioning is used to strengthen an attachment

Answer 11

explains why babies cry for comfort - it leads to a response from the caregiver e.g. feeding which when comforted reinforces crying - positive reinforcement
caregiver is negatively reinforced as the crying stops
mutual reinforcement strengthens the attachment

Question 12

What is drive reduction

Answer 12

hunger is a primary drive - it is innate we are motivated to eat to reduce the hunger drive.
caregivers provide food so primary drive becomes associated to them - attachment is a secondary drive learned to associate caregiver with satisfaction of a primary drive.

Question 13

evaluation of learning theory and attachment

Answer 13

counter evidence (animal) - harlow showed monkeys preferred cloth mother who provided comfort over wire mother who provided food and Lorenz geese imprinted on mobile object before being fed. 
counter evidence (food) - schaffer + Emmerson showed most primary attach to mothers even if they didn't feed them
ignored other factors -  quality is affected by levels of reciprocity ad interactional synchrony. If it was purely feeding no need for complex interactions and would not expect correlation between them and quality of attach.

Question 14

positive evaluations

Answer 14

some elements of conditioning may be involved - association between primary caregiver and comfort and social interaction is important in building an attachment. But to much focus on feeding.
newer explanation - observe parents and siblings and see rewards of attachment (such as praise) and acquire attach behaviors by vicarious reinforcement

Question 15

How did Bowlby propose his theory

Answer 15

An evolutionary explanation that attachment was an innate system for survival. Imprinting and attachment are important in keeping young animals close to caregivers and provide them safety from hazards

Question 16

why is Bowlby’s theory described as monotropic

Answer 16

placed great emphasis on child’s attachment to one particular caregiver which is different and more important than the rest. Called primary attachment figure

Question 17

What two principles did Bowlby put forward to clarify his momotropy theory

Answer 17

1. the law of continuity - the more consistent and predictable a child’s care is the better quality of attachment
2. law of accumulated separation - effects of every separation adds up so therefore zero separation is the best

Question 18

what are social releasers and what is their importance

Answer 18

cute behaviors such as smiling and cooing which enhance attachment by encouraging attention from adults
induces caring behaviors which ensures the survival of offspring
both mother and infant have an innate predisposition to become attached and social releasers trigger it in adults

Question 19

what is the critical period

Answer 19

around two years the infant attachment system is active and at this point they are most sensitive - if an attachment is not formed at this point then they will find it harder to make one later in life

Question 20

summarise and compare critical periods in different species

Answer 20

geese - mobile and immature, vulnerable so imprint fast
fish - mobile and mature so no attachment
birds- immobile and immature, need care so medium length attachment period
humans - immobile and lengthy immaturity period longer attachment period and more emotional context

Question 21

how does difference in critical period provide evidence for Bowlby’s theory

Answer 21

existence length and nature is all related to adaptive benefits for survival of offspring

Question 22

how do orphan studies show evidence for the critical period

Answer 22

longer time in orphanages the worse the effects much worse after 2 years

Question 23

what is an internal working model

Answer 23

a mental representation the child forms of their attachment with their primary caregiver and later serves as a model for what a relationship should be like

Question 24

what relationships does someone’s internal working model effect?

Answer 24

friendships and romantic relationships - someone who had a loving relationship with their mother will expect to be treated and treat others in that way
parenting - base their parenting behavior on own experiences parenting

Question 25

for each type of relationship what evidence is there that it relates to working memory model

Answer 25

friendships - Myron-Wilson + Smith - insecure avoidant more likely to be victims and insecure resistant likely to be bullies romantic -Fraley - 0.39 correlation between attach in infancy and later in life parenting - Bailey - correlation between mothers own attachment experience and that with their own children

Question 26

What mixed evidence is there about Bowlby's theory

Answer 26

1. Schaffer and Emmerson showed could form multiple attachments at omce rather than attach to p.c.g and then others 2. unclear how unique first attach is mother usually have more effect on later life - not different in quality

Question 27

how does the still face experiment by Bazleton show evidence for social releasers

Answer 27

observed interaction between mother and child and then told mother to stop responding to babies signals. Babies initially showed distress but some eventually curled up and lay motionless. The strength of the response supports Bowlby's ideas of the significant of social releasers to elicit attachment

Question 28

what independent variable was Lorenz testing and what was the key result he found

Answer 28

Divided a group of geese eggs randomly in half and half hatched in natural environment with mother and the other half where they first saw Lorenz group hatched in incubator followed Lorenz and half hatched in the presence of their mother followed the mother, even when mixed. Identified imprinting had to happen within critical period otherwise they would not attach to mother figure at all.

Question 29

What ethical issues could be identified in Lorenz's study

Answer 29

protection of the geese was low - separation from mother could be stressful and could effect development later on

Question 30

If there is a lack of generalizability to humans, why do we do animal studies?

Answer 30

attachment quite different in geese to mammals - geese mobile and vulnerable humans immobile and humans show emotion in attachment But it suggests human attachment also evolved for it's own species evolutionary needs.

Question 31

describe the procedure of Harlow's study

Answer 31

16 young monkeys first separated from mother and reared with two wire mother dispensing milk and the cloth mother not.

Question 32

where did the monkeys spend most of the time?

Answer 32

on the cloth mother especially when in a strange room or frightened

Question 33

ethical issues in Harlow's study

Answer 33

protection is low the separation from the mother was stressful and monkeys showed signs of maternal deprivation did not develop normal behavior showed signs of aggression and less sociable. Unskilled at mating and even attacked and killed own children

Question 34

How do Harlow's finding contradict learning theory

Answer 34

attachment is driven by contact comfort rather than by food

Question 35

to what extent can we generalize Harlow's findings to humans

Answer 35

somewhat - both monkeys and humans are mammals with similarly long periods of dependency but less emotionally complex

Question 36

who developed the strange situation

Answer 36

Mary Ainsworth

Question 37

what was the strange situation used for

Answer 37

observe key attachment behaviors to measure child's attachment to caregiver

Question 38

what three attachment types did Ainsworth identify

Answer 38

``` insecure avoidant (A) secure (B) insecure resistant (C) ```

Question 39

what percentage of infants fell into each category Ainsworth identified

Answer 39

insecure avoidant - 22% secure - 66% insecure resistant - 12%

Question 40

what 3 responses were recorded in the SS

Answer 40

stranger in room- stranger anxiety mother leaves - separation anxiety mother returns - reunion behavior

Question 41

how did the three attachment types react to each of the situations

Answer 41

A- stranger low, separation low, return ignores B- stranger moderate, separation moderate, return easy to calm C- stranger high, separation high, return hard to calm

Question 42

from the mother of each type what behaviors did they predict

Answer 42

A- ignored infant B- sensitive and responsive C- inconsistent

Question 43

why does the strange situation have good validity

Answer 43

has good predictive validity - able to predict later outcomes based of attach types

Question 44

what is meant by good inter rate reliability (ss)

Answer 44

agreement between the observers about what attachment type to classify the children to

Question 45

why cant we be sure the infants attach type is due to the behaviors

Answer 45

could be response not cause due to own personality

Question 46

why might the SS not be a good measure of attachment type in all countries

Answer 46

its culture bound does not have same meaning outside of western Europe + USA 1. caregivers behave differently from different cultures 2. children respond differently due to childhood experiences

Question 47

van Ijzendoorn - cultural variation procedure

Answer 47

meta analysis - less likely to be fluke cross cultural - imperfect biased to western world 32 studies using strange situation 8 countries, 1990 children

Question 48

van Ijzemdoorn - cultural variation findings

Answer 48

same types of attachments A, B and C B is most common in all countries order of frequency commonly B A C

Question 49

what countries had 1. low insecure resistant 2. high insecure avoidant 3. high insecure resistant

Answer 49

1. western modern countries - US and Europe 2. Germany -encourage independence 3. Japan + china - encourage dependency

Question 50

how much more variation is there within countries than between them

Answer 50

50%

Question 51

why there might be lower rates of secure attachments across countries

Answer 51

more women going to work outside of the home

Question 52

additional studies of cultural variation

Answer 52

Simonella - Italian study - found lower rates of secure attachments

Question 53

why were samples in Ijzendoorns study unrepresentative of culture

Answer 53

more focused on country within a country many different cultures with different child rearing practices e.g. Tokyo - urban is less traditional women work more etc. rural more trad. women spend time with children

Question 54

How does Bowlby's theory raise issues about the role of fathers

Answer 54

internal working model - based on primary cargiver - usually mother monotropy - single different in quality more likely to be mother

Question 55

in Schaffer and Emmerson's study was % had secondary attach to father at 18 months

Answer 55

75%

Question 56

Grossman - study of role of father

Answer 56

longitudinal study both parents behavior in quality of attach into teens fathers attach not related to attachment later in life but was related to quality of adolescent attach more to do with play than nurturing

Question 57

father as primary caregiver

Answer 57

adapt and take on roles typical of mothers Tiffany Fields - father as primary caregivers spend time smiling imitating etc. shows key to attachment is not gender but level of responsiveness - usually mother due to either 1. traditional gender roles (women expected to be more nurturing) 2. hormones - high levels of oestrogen

Question 58

difference in children with same sex families / without father

Answer 58

no difference

Question 59

name the 3 attachment types identified in the strange situation

Answer 59

secure insecure avoidant insecure resistant

Question 60

what did Kerns find about later relationship for the 3 attachment types

Answer 60

secure - best quality friendships | both insecure - difficulty forming friendships

Question 61

what relationship did Myron - Wilson and Smith find between attachment type and bullying

Answer 61

secure- uninvolved insecure avoidant - victim insecure resistant - bully

Question 62

what components of Bowlby's theory are relevant to understanding later relationships

Answer 62

continuity hypothesis monotropy internal working model - the quality of this mental representation will affect later relationships loving relationship will seek functional relationship and those who were too unloved or too emotionally close will portray those behaviors in a relationship

Question 63

what did Zimmerman find about infant attachment type and adolescent attachment to parents

Answer 63

little relationship or continuity over time between childhood and adolescent attachment

Question 64

McCarthy study

Answer 64

longitudinal of 40 women who had been assessed when young secure - best adult relationship and friendships insecure resistant - problems maintaining friendships insecure avoidant - struggled with intimacy

Question 65

Fraley study

Answer 65

0.39 moderate correlation between adult and infant relationships meta analysis all longitudinal studies only moderate correlation, must be other factors involved

Question 66

name other factors identified which affected adult relationships

Answer 66

parents divorce parental death ( both Zimmerman) child's temperament parenting style (contradicts Bowlby)

Question 67

all data from studies into attachment is correlational

Answer 67

can't identify cause and effect

Question 68

why do a lot of studies into attachment types and influence have poor validity

Answer 68

use self report techniques not in infancy but rather later on in life so relies on 1. accurate recall 2. having a realistic view on own relationships

Question 69

what type of relationship did Bowlby identify as needed for healthy development

Answer 69

warm intimate continuous

Question 70

what is maternal deprivation

Answer 70

a loss or disruption of the presence of the mother or mother substitute

Question 71

2 major ways Bowlby claimed deprivation affected development

Answer 71

1. intellectually - lower IQ than normal | 2. psychological - affectionless psychopathy (inability to feel guilt or emotion towards others, deceit and stealing)

Question 72

Bowlby's 44 thieves study - procedure

Answer 72

44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing and 44 disturbed non criminal teenagers - all interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy and families interviewed to see if they had periods of long separation

Question 73

Bowlby's 44 thieves - findings

Answer 73

1. 14 of 44 thieves affectionless psychopaths (12 were separated) 2. 5 of rest of 30 thieved experienced separation 3. 2 pf 44 non criminals had experienced separation

Question 74

methodological issues with 44 thieves study

Answer 74

bias from Bowlby he carried out interviews already knowing if child had been separated or not

Question 75

problems with other sources of evidence Bowlby used

Answer 75

war orphans - were traumatized + had more aftercare so may be due to later development rather than separation orphans - poor quality institutions so deprived of lots of aspects of care not just maternal care.

Question 76

possible extraneous variables of 44 thieves and orphan studies

Answer 76

1. income of family 2. traumatized war orphans 3. quality of substitute care 4. physical deprivation

Question 77

problem with idea of critical period

Answer 77

psychological damaged was not inevitable - example of twin boys locked in cupboard from 18 months till 7 years. later looked after by two loving adults and recovered fully more of a sensitive period

Question 78

Bowlby's lack of clarification between deprivation and privation

Answer 78

deprivation- loss of primary attachment figure after attachment happens - minor effects privation - loss of primary attachment figure before attachment occurs - big effects on later development t

Question 79

what is meant by institutionalistion

Answer 79

term for living in an institutionalized setting e.g. orphanage and in turn the effects on development of social and life skills as a result of long periods in institutions

Question 80

what is meant by disinhibited attachment

Answer 80

pattern of attention - seeking behaviors with a lack of selectivity in social relationships

Question 81

Rutter's English and Romanian adoptee studies

Answer 81

165 Romanian adoptees and 52 British adoptees at the same time IQ: 1 if adopted before 6 months - 102 2. adopted between 6 months and 2 years - 86 3. adopted after 2 years 77 before 6 months rarely showed disinhibited attachment, after 6 months significant signs of disinhibited attachment

Question 82

Zeanah - Bucharest Early Intervention Project

Answer 82

95 children 90% of life in care +50 children never been in care -strange situation used 74% control securely attached 19% of institutionalized were securely attached 65% of institutionalized disorganized attachment 44% of institutionalized disinhibited

Question 83

what is a disorganized attachment (type D)

Answer 83

mixture of insecure avoidant and insecure resistant have difficulty forming both romantic and friendship relationships 1. maintain proximity 2. avoid contact 3. resist cuddling 4. afraid of main carer 5. prefer strangers

Question 84

3 behaviors of primary caregiver that lead to type D

Answer 84

maltreatment frightening behavior failure to respond to infants signals

Question 85

what happened in other orphan studies but not in the Romanian orphan study

Answer 85

traumatic or long list of negative events leading up to institutionalization

Question 86

what occurred to Romanian orphan that made it hard to conclude lack of maternal care was the key factor

Answer 86

poor physical care and mental stimulation

Question 87

problems of causality in Rutters study but not Zeanahs

Answer 87

Rutter did not randomly allocate children to be adopted or not however in Zeanahs they were which removed confounding variables of children being chosen by parents

Question 88

lack of generalizability of Romanian orphan studies

Answer 88

had experienced high levels of deprivation unlike normal and extreamly low levels of intellectual stimulation the unusual situational variables lead to lack of generalizability